MINERAL NUTRITION :-

MINERAL NUTRITION :-

all green plant are autotrophs , they synthesize their own food itself by process of photosynthesis, during photosynthesis ,they require raw material which are inorgaic in nature & taken from outside.

@ Mineral Nutrition :- 

 Absorption, utilization of minerals by plant body for synthesis of material , which required for proper growth & development of plant body 

@ Essential Elements :-

     Those elements required by plant body for proper growth & development are called essential elements , this element cannot synthesize by plant body & taken from outside

@ Non-essential elements :-

      those elements which synthesize by plant body itself & Plant donot require those elements from outside are called non-essential elements 

@ Mineral :- 

 those elements taken from the soil by root of plant body called mineral like as  N,P,K,Ca, Mg, S, B etc

@ Non-Minerals :-

    Those elements taken from atmosphere are called non-minerals like As C, O, H 

@ Estimation of essential elements :-

   take a china dish , which is made up of borosilocate . some pieces of dry stem put in it, Then burn thr dry pieces by providing heat to china dish , then dry pieces by providing heat to china dish , then dry

matter burn & plant ash formed , due to heat organic compound evaporate & only minerals present of plant ash , Analyse different type of plant in this manner & Found that the plant have about 105 Elements in which 17 is common in all plant 

So these 17 elements are essential for proper growth & development Of plant body & must Present in all plant

There Are Mainly two type of Elements Present Are :-

 1. Macro-element :-

          Those elements require about 10mm/kg or above it by plant body for proper growth & development are called macroelements like as C,H,O,N,S,P,Mg,K

 2. Mico-elements :-

           Those elements require less than 10mm/kg by plant body for proper growth & development are called microelements like as Fe,B,Mn,Cu,Co,Cl,Mo,Zn

 3. Tracer elements :-

           They are those elements which found in radioisotopes Example : C(14), N(15), P(32), S(35)

Percentage of elements in a normal plant cell :-

   C = 45%

   O = 45%

   H = 6 %

   N = 1.5 %

   P = 1%

    other elements in trace amount 

@ Difference between Macro & micro elements :-

MAcro-elements = i) They required in larger amount

ii) They are found more than 10mm/kg

iii) They form Plant structure

iv) They are seldom toxic if present in excess amount

v) They donot help in electron transfer

vi) They cause osomotic potential

Micro-elements :- i) They require in small amount

ii) They are found less than 10mm/kg 

iii) They donot form plant structure 

iv) They are always toxic when these present in excess amount 

v) They donot cause osomotic potential

vi) They help in electron Transfer

@ Function oF elements :-

1. Frame work Component :-

        In Plant cell outer layer called cell wall which made up of cellulose & Cell made up of glucose & Glucose made up of C,H,O

2. Protoplasmic Elements :-

 Some elements like as carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , phosphorous , sulphur make 99% part of protoplasm is living matter present inside cell membrane

3. Synthetic elements :-

 Some synthesis some structure in plant body. Ex = Mg, Fe like elements help in the synthesis of chlorophyll (green colour Pigment found in Gran of chloroplast

4. Catalytic properties :-

 Some element like Fe, Cu, Co, Mo act as catalyst & they increase the rate of reaction in presence of enzyme & behave as co-factor 

5. Permeability :-

 Elements can also Increase or decrease the permeability of cell membrane , if Ca++ apply it decrease permeability & if K++ added it increase the permeability

6. Electron Transfer :-

Some Elemnts like as Fe, & Cu help in electron transfer during process of photosynthesis & respiration

@ Balance Nutrient Solution :-

      these solution which prepared by dissolving definite proportional of salt in distilled water , which require for proper growth & development of plant body is called balance nutrient solution

Some example of these are :- 1. Arnon solution , 2. Knnob Solution , 3. Hoagland solution 

         Plant grown up better in balanced nutrient solution, because balance nutrient solution contain definated proportion of salt required for proper growth of plant & their development . if deficiency any sal take place in solution so plant cannot grow better into it

@ Hydroponics or Soil less growth or Solution Culture :-

              In solution culture plant directly grown up in balanced nutrient solution 

@ Method For Hydroponics :-

 Take a bottle , which madeup of calcium borosilicate , which reduce contamination with solution

 Then taken balance nutrient solution in bottle contain proper nutrient for proper plant growth & development 

A Inert tube also inserted in the bottle for proper eration & then roots of plant dipped in solution & plant grown up  These factor applied in Area like Dubai, U.K , Saudi arab etc

Plant growth in nutrient solution without utilising soil called soil less growth or hydropolis

@ Sand Culture :-

    In sand Culture Plant green up in Inert samd mix with nutrient soolution, proper eration also require for sand culture

@ Criteria For Essentially of Elements in plant :-

      Arnon gave the criteria for essentially of elements in plant, He Gave 3 criteria :-

i) Plant are unable to grow & Donot Complete their life cycle in Defiecency Of Essential Elements In Plant Body

i.i) If Deficiency Of Essential elements take cause deficienct disease 

ii) Essential Elemnts Cannot Replace by another Elements , However these may be Present Near By 2 Each other in periodic Table Ex = Each essential elements specific in nature

iii) They play direct role In metabolism 

@ Observation :-

           Plant growth in a solution , which contain all nutrient , so they show proper growth of plant body if deficiency of phosphorous take place in solution. plant do not grow better. if deficiency of more than one essential elements so more reduction take place

@ Macro-mineral :-

1. Nitrogen :- 

   - is require by meristem tissue

   - Nitrogen abosrb by roots ogf plant body in form of nitrate of Potassium , Magnesium & Calcium

# Physiological role :-

 ~ Nitrogen is constituent of protein & Nucleic Acid Help in proper growth

 ~ Nitrogen Help in photosynther , Respiration

 ~ also help in growth

# Deficiency Syptom :- 

 * Cholorosis of outer leaf take place that mean leaf became yellow in colour

 * Poor Root development 

 * It interfare in protein syntesis so growth retarded

 * Flowering is delayed

NOTE :- 

Critical Elements :-

   Those elements generally deficient in soil , but regulate by plant body in regular manner Ex = N,P,K

2. Sulphur :-

   - Sulphur is absorb by roots of plant body in form of sulphate

# Physiological Role :-

  ~ Sulphur is Constituent of Cisteine & Methionine Amino Acid

  ~ It determine the structure of protein

  ~ Help in synthesize of cholorophyll

NOTE  = In Onion AllySulphide presence cause Smell

  ~ Suphur also help in formation of co-enzyme of thymine, byothine help in various metabolic activities

# Deficiency Disease :-

  * Chlorosois Of younger leaf take place i.e = young leaf turn green to yellow colour

  * Retardation In cell division take place

  * Root system became extensive & stem hard & woody

3. Phosphorous :- 

  - Absorb in form of phosphate group like as CaSO4, MgSO4 , potassium Phosphate

# Physiological Role :-

   ~ Phosphorous is component of ATP, Nucleic Acid, Phospholipid , NADP

   ~ ATP Act as energy currency of A cell

   ~ Phosphorous help in photosynthesis & respiration

   ~ If phosphorous Accumulate in seed & fruits. Fruit & seed become soft

# Deficiency Disease :-

   * Pre-mature fall of leaf

   * Disturb general Metabolism

   * Abnormally Found in size & shape of chloroplast

4. Calcium :-

    - Absorb in form of calcium nitrate, calcium phosphate, calcium sulphate etc

# Physiological Role & Function :-

   ~ Some Elements Maintain The Permeability of cell membrane

   ~ Calcium ion reduce the permeability of cell membrane

   ~ Outer Layer Of Cell Wall Called middle Lamella & Middle Lamella made up of calcium peptade

   ~ Calcium ion help in the development of root

   ~ Calcium ion help in synthesize of chlorophyll

   ~ Calcium Accumulate in leaf in form of calcium oxlate

# Deficiency Symptom :-

   * Yellowing of leaf take place & became wiltes

   * Chlorosis of margin of leaf take place 

   * Disintegration Of metabolism 

5. Magnesium :-

      Magnesium Absorb in the form of MgSO4, MgPO4

# Physiological Role :-

 ~ Mg++ help in Binding Of Larget & smaller sub-unit of ribosome 

 ~ Mg++ Help In The Process of respiration

 ~ Mg++ act as activator For some enzyme like as phosphorylase, carboxylase etc

 ~ Mg++ help In Protein Synthesis 

 ~ Mg++ Is constituent of chlorophyll , So Help in Process of Photosynthesis

# Deficiency Symptom :-

     * Chlorosis take place From Basal Part To younger part of leaf

    * Intervinal Cholorosis take Place

    * Tip & Margin of laef move Upward

    * Dead Spot Also Present

6. Potassium :-

     Potassium Absorb in form of potassium sulphate or potassium nitrate

# Physiological Role :-

    ~ Help In opening & Closing Of Stomata

    ~ Help In Formation Of Protein

    ~ Help In Proper Growth & Development

    ~ K+ Activate Some Enzyme . which help In process of photosynthesis & Respiration

 # Deficiency Symptom :-

     * Distributed Proper Growth

     * Spot Of Dead Tissue On Older Leaf

     * Generally Present at tip & Margin

@ Micro-Element :-

  7. Iron (Fe) :-

     Iron is absorbed by root of plant Body In Ferrous ion

  # Physiological Role :-

 ~ it is essential for synthesis of cholorophyll

 ~ it play important role in electron transport system & Electron  Transport system found in photosynthesis & respiration

 ~ Help In Energy regeneration

 ~ Help in formation of Flauoprotein , which help in bioogical Oxidation

# Deficiency Syndrome :-

  * Inhibite Formation Of Cholorophyll

  * Stalk Became Shoot

  * Chlorosis May Be Found In Younger Leaf

8. Boron :-

    Absorb By the root of plant body in form of borate

# Physiological Role :-

 ~ Boron Help In the translocation of Sucrose Through Phloem In Plant Body 

 ~ It Regulate carbohydrate Metabolism

 ~ it regulate the development of plant body

 ~ It Help In Cell Division & help In Fruiting

# Deficiency :-

  * Brown Heart Disease

  * Disturbed In Cell Division

  * Inhibition Of Flower Formation

  * CurLing & Twisting Of Leave Take Place

9. Magnese :-

   it is absorb By the root Of Plant body in form of oxide

# Physiological Role :-

  ~ Help In The Kreb Cycle of Respiration

  ~ Act as Activator For nitrate reductase

  ~ Help In the formation of chlorophyll

  ~ Help In Proper Growth & Development

# Deficiency Disease :-

  * Great Spot in oAT

  * iT iNhibite Formation of chlorophyll

  * Chlorosis & Mocrosis take place in interuinal area of leaf

10. Coppeer :-

     Absorb In Form of Cuperous Ion 

# Physiological Role :-

   ~ Copper is a component Of plastiocyanin . Which help in electron transfer system In photosynthesis

   ~ Help in Formation of absorbic Acid

 # Deficiency Disease :-

   * Die Back of citrous Fruit

   * Exanthima 

   * Chlorosis & Macrosis Take Place

11. Zinc :-

   ~  Help In the formation in Indole Acetic Acid . Which act as auxin

   ~ Zn Absorb in form of Zn++ & leaves can absorb Zn directly 

 Ex :- Size of leave became short so litle leave disease found

* Khere disease of rice 

12. Mo :-

  ~ help in converstion of nitrate into nitrilyte 

  ~ help in mudulation of legume

  ~ Help In The Protection Of Chloroplast

# Disease :-

   * Poor Leaf Growth 

   * Whirtail Disease Of Polyflower

   * Inhibition Of fruit Formation 

  13. Chlorine :- 

    - Absorb in form of chloride

    - it along with magnese help in photolysis of water in the time of light during process photosynthesis

 # dISEASE :-

     ~ Root Become short & Thick

     ~ Leaf Become whirled & Macrosis Take Place

14 . Nickel :-

       It activate the Uriase , Which Breakup the Urea Into Ammonia

     # Disease :-

     ~ As If Nickel Absent , so urease enzyme Doesnot Act on urea, So Accomodation Of urea , so Macrosis Take Place In Leave

* Absorption Of mineral is independent of water

* Mineral absorption take place y epiblema of root. which is outer most layer of roor

* Maximum mineral absorption take place by zone of elongation , No mineral absorption take place by root hair zone, zone of meristematic tissue etc

* Mineral absorb in form of ion by the root of plant body may in form of anion or Cation

* If one anion absorb so cation also absorb

@ Flux :- 

 The Movement of anion into & out of cell is called flux 

# Influx :- 

   The movement of ion into the cell is called influx

# Efflux :- 

    The Movement of ion out from the cell called efflux

@ Method Of Mineral Absorption :-

   Therec are 2 method of mineral absorption take place

1st = Passive mineral aborption:-

 When the amount of mineral of mineral is more in soil . So mineral absorb by passive method i.e mineral move from higher to lower concentration without using any type of energy called passive mineral absorption

2nd :- Active mineral absorption :- 

When the amount of mineral less in soil as compared root so mineral absorb from lower concentration to higher concentration with using respiratory energy

 @ Difference between passive & Active Transport :-

Passive :-

i) Diverging force is phsical force

ii) This type absorption, movement of mineral take place flow from higher to lower concentration

iii) Move Toward equillibrium

iv) No Energy Required

v) Mostly passive absorption take place

vi) Apoplast pathway take place

Active :-

i) Diverging Force For it phsiological in nature

ii) This type of absorption movement of mineral take place from lower to higer concentration

iii) It doesn't move toward equillibrium

iv) Energy required in these process

v) Rarely this absorption take place

vi) Symplast pathway take place in these process

@ Types Of Passive Mineral absorption :-

1) Simple Difffusion :-

     When The Concentration of mineral More In Soil aS compared To Mineral Present In Root , So These Mineral Absorb by epiblema Of Root From higher To lower Concentration Of Minerals

These type of movement take place by concentration gradient & Donot require any type of energ

1) Facilated Diffusion :-

    It take place when concentration of mineral is higher in soil as compare in plant mineral absorb by plant body, from higher concentration of mineral to lower throug carrier protein , No energy in these

2) Mass flow of ion :-

      According of these mineral accomulates in soil & flow in bulk from soil to root

3) Donnan's Eqillibrium :-

     According to him the ion of outside , cation of outside is equal to anion inside, cation inside . So these phenomenun make electron neutrility inside root as well as outside of root. 

i.e means in soil , In Anion -cation ratio disturbed so by absorbing anion & Cation root of plant body make equillibrium

       [AO]- [CO]-  = [Ai]-  [Ci]+

       AO = anion  outside

       CO = Cation outside

       Ai = Anion inside

       Ci = Cation Inside

@ Ion Exchange :-

       According to this theory cation replaced by any cation & Anion replaced by any anion due to oscillation , if one cation intake by root by plant body . so anion must be absorb along with it.

Ion Excahge has 2 type of theory

(i) Contact Exchange Method :-

        according to tgis theory water absorb by upper surface of root by process of inhibition & Dissociate into hydrogen ion & OH- Ion both are oscillate in a definate path, where as soil particle contain many anion & Cation,

These anion & cation also oscillate in a definate path along with soil particle . when hydrogen oscillate with root & potassium Oscillate near by it in Soil so Both are exchanged due to contact with each other & these ion absorbb by root of plant body.

OH- ion oscillate with Cl oscillate with soil particle , Both are exchanged in such a way Cl- Reach Near By Root & Absorbed By It. 

(ii) Carbonic Acid Theory :-

        According to this theory, Root Have the respiration So, they relaese CO2 .These CO2 React with water & Form Carbonic acid, These H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid)  Dissiociate Into hydrogen In & Bicarbonate Ion . Potassium ion. Which attach with the soil Particle & Exchange With 

Hydrogen ion & Form KHCO3 & Absorb by the root of plant body 

            In Other way H2CO3 Dissociate Into H+ & HCO3- & Chlorine exchange with bicarbonate ion & absorb By Root Of Pkant Body

@ Active Mineral Absorption :- 

 When Concentration Of Mineral Is Lower In Soil As Compare To Root Of Plant Body, So Mineral Take Up by carrier Protein or protein channel . these carrier protein pick up equal number of anion as well As cation & Then after taking These ion carrier protein Rotate 180 degree by

utilising energy in form of ATP & reveal the ion inside cell membrane . So These Type Absorption Active Mineral Absorption Take Place From Lower To Higher Concentration With Using Energy In Form Of ATP Always Occur Against Concentration gradient

@ Ion Traffic Into The Root :-

                 All Minerals absorb in form if ions by epiblema root of plant Body, This minerals absorb by passive & Active & follow two type of pathway :-

i) Apoplast Pathway :-

           Movement Of mineral exclusively From cell wall from cell to cell is celled apoplast pathway. The Mineral absorb by Passive method , they follow apoplast pathway but in endodermis casperium strip present . which block apoplast movement & Symplast pathway occur.

ii) Symplast Pathway :-

          Movement of mineral from cell to cell through plasmodesmata is called symplast pathway. minerals absorb by cative method follow the sumplast pathway.

@ Translocation Of Solute :-

      From Both pathway mineral ultimately mineral reach to xylem tissue & Xylem tissue conduct minerals from root top part of plant Body , where mineral required

@ Nitrogen Nutrient In Plant :-

       In Atmosphere About 78% Nitrogen present. But Any plant cannot take up atmosphere nitrogen directly , the roots of plant body absorb nitrogen in form of nitrate so conversion of nitrogen essential for absorption into usable form

@ Nitrogen Fixation :-

           Proccess in which atmospheric nitrogen Convert into usable form of nitrogen by some energy is called nitrogen fixation 

  Nitrogen Fixation is of two type ,

1) Physical Nitrogen Fixation :-

        the conversion of atmosphere nitrogen into usable form of nitrogen by non-living force called physical nitrogen fixation

2) Mechanism of physical nitrogen fixation :-

          firstly, atmosphere nitrogen react with Oxygen in presence of ligtning & thundering & Form nitrogen Oxide. Then this 'N' oxide oxidised into . nitrogen per oxide, then nitrogen peroxie react water & form nitreous Acid & Nitric Acid 

     N2 + O2 -----> 2NO

      2NO + O2 -----> 2NO2

     2NO2 + H2O -----> HNO2 (niteous Acid) + HNO3 (Nitric Acid )

    This nitric acid react with calcium , magnesium, potassium, ion & Form Calcium Nitrate , MgNO3 , KNO3 respectively & These Nitrates By root Of Plant Body

@ Biological Nitrogen Fixation :-

          Conversion Of Atmosphere Nitrogen Into usable form of nitrogen by Agency of living organism Called Biological Nitrogen fixation , Their are two method of biological Nitrogen Fixation

@ Asymbiotic Biological Nitrogen Fixation :-

         Conversion Of Atmosphere Nitrogen Into Usable form of nitrogen by free living bacteria called a symbiotic nitrogen fixation, these free living bacteria are two type 

1.1) Some Aerobic Free living bacteria like as azotobactor, derxia can fix atmospheric nitrogen usable form of nitrogen

!.2) Some anaerobic bacteria like as colsteridium butyrichum can fix atmospheric nitrogen into Usable form of nitrogen

@ Symbiotic Biological Nitrogen Fixation :-

          conversion of atomospheric nitogen into usable form of nitrogen by association of bacteria & Roor Of Plant Body called Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation

 Example :-

 1st :- Rhizobium bacteria associated with root by leguminous plant

2nd :- Nostoc Associated with root of enthoceros (bryophyte)

3rd :- Anabina bacteria associated with azolla (pteridophyte)

 @ Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation In Leguminous Plant :-

             Rhizobium bacteria found in soil but rhizobium bacteria fail to fixation of nitrogen independently, So these bacteria associated with leguminous plant &  form symbiotic relationship & have capability of fixation of atm nitrogen.

Rhizobium bacteria found in soil firstly , rhizobium bacteria accumulate near root plant body in soil , the air of soil contain rhizobia called rhizosphere accumulation of ehizobia secret , some chemical signal which curls the root hair & these chemical degrade cell wall of root Hair,

& Form infection through which it enter into cortex

                        Their bacteria multiplying & form a group called Bacteroid

   Bacteria Covered By bacteroid Membrane & Space Between Two celled Bacteroid Space & These bacteria fix atmosphere Nitrogen into ammonia , Their is a pink colour pigment like haemoglobin , Which protect nitrogenase enzyme form O2 & Like haemoglobin called oxgen scavengers

         -  Nitrogenase enzyme made up of Molybednum iron Protein, All enzyme Are proein In Nature, Nitrogenous Enzyme has Active Site & Nitrogen Molecule Attach to active site of nitrogenase Enzyme & Form Nitrogen, nitroogenase Complex

              - Then 3 Molecule Of H Attached One By One To Nitrogen Molecule in presence of enzyme Of Hydrogenase & Form Two Molecule Of Ammonia & Nitrogenase & Hydrogenase Enzyme Remain As Such as 

                             So One Molecule Of N2 & 3H2 make ammonia In Presence Of Enzyme Nitrogenase & Hydrogenase For Reduction Of 1 Molecule Of Nitrogen 16 ATP , Where As For Firmation of  1 molecule of ammonia 8 ATP required

            - When Formed in the plant body the accomulation of ammonia is toxic for plant its conversion is essential in plant body into unusable form so , there is a process occur . which is called nitrification

QUestion :-

 Whats is meaning Of Nitrification :-

Answer :-

 Conversion Of Ammonia into unusable form i.e Nitrate by help of some bacteria called nitrification . Nitrification Complete into Steps .

                              2NH3  + 3O2 ----------------Nitrosomonas---------> 2NO2 + 2H2O + H2

                              2NO2  + O2 -----------------Nitrobactor----------> 2NO3

                In First step Ammonia React With O2 & Form nitrite In presence Of Bacteria , nitrosomonas Then Nitrite Convert into Nitrate In Presence of nitrobactor

                 the conversion of nitrate into ammonia through nitrate called denitrification, these denitrification catalyst by the pseudomonas.

  @ Metabolism Of Ammonia :-

           Ammonia is metabolised in plant Body Ehen it convert into Amino Acid & These Amino acid form the protein  it complete in 2 step:-

      1.) Reductive Emination :-

                In This Process alpha-ketoglutrate combine with ammonium ion in presence pf enzyme (glutamate dehygrogenase ) & form glutamic acid & glutamic as Amino acid

                 Alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4(+) + NADPH-------- glutamate Dehydrogenase-----> glutamic Acid + H2O + NADP

      2.) Transamination :-

               R-(H)C(NH3+)-COOH + R'-CO-COOH --------Transaminase----R-CO-COOH + R'-(H)C(NH3+)-COOH

                  -  means transfer of amino group from "I" Keto acid, These Process catalyst by transaminatase & process called transamination , when glutamic acid synthesis so, it help in formation of another type of amino acid like aspartic acid, glycine, valine etc

  firstly, two amide formed , glutamic & aspargin 

                  - In this process glutamine formed from glutamic acid & aspargin made up of or obtained from aspartic acid