REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM

REPRODUCTION :-
Life span:-
Period from birth to death
Reproduction :-
Process by which organism produced another organism (offspring )
               2 type
                /       \
1) Asexual.   2) Sexual
1) Asexual reproduction:-
It does not involve fusion of games, offspring produce mitotically
Type:-
# Binary Fission:-
           In Amoeba
# Multiple fission :-
        In plasmodium
# Fragmentation :-
        In spirogyra
# Budding:-
       In yeast
# Spore formation:-
In zoospore, conidia, gemmules
# vegetative propagation :-
Bulbil =Agave
Bulbs = Onion, Garlic
Eyes= Potato
Leaf buds= Bryophyllum
Offset = pistia
Rhizome = Ginger
Runner= oxalis
2) Sexual reproduction:-
In this fusion of gamete take place
Events in Sexual reproduction:-
1) pre-fertilization :-
Include gametogenesis (formation of gamete),gamete transfer >gamete transfer
2) fertilization :-
Include Fusion of gamete
3) post-fertilization:-
Include zygote development>Embryogenesis
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANT:-
Flower:-
Angiosperm sexual reproductive part
Parts of flower:-
# calyx = petal
# corolla = sepal
#  androciem= stamen
# gynoecium = pistil
Male reproductive part:-
# Long stalk like structure called filament
# Bilobed terminal structure called anther
Anther:-
Is tetragonal structure, consisting four microsporangia, two in each lobe
Microsporangium:-
Circular structure, surrounded by four wall
1) Epidermis
2) Endothecium
3) Middle layer
4) tapetum
Centrally microsporangium consist sporogenous cell
Microsporogenesis:-
Process by formation of microspore form pollen cell by meiosis
Pollen grain:-
Developed by PMC (pollen mother cell) ,represent as male gamete, spherical in shape,
Female reproductive unit:-
3 part
1=Stigma
2= Style
3= ovary
Megasporangium (ovule):-
Megasporogenesis:-
# Process of making haploid megaspore from diploid megaspore
# functional megaspore develops into the female gametophyte or embryo sac
Megagametogenesis:-
1) Formation of formation of gametophyte
Pollination:-
Transfer of pollen grain to stigma
Pollination Agents
# By wind=Anemophily
# By water = Hydrophily
# By insect = Entophily
# By mammals
# By Reptile
# By bird
Double fertilization:-
Pollen tube release two male gamete into cytoplasm, one egg fuses with nucleus form diploid zygote, another egg fuses with polar nuclei
Dicotyledonous embryo:-
Have two cotyledon, root tip covered by root cap
Example= mango, apple, rose
Monocotlydonous embryo :-
Consists only one cotyledon,
Example:- Grass, banana, palm
Seed:-
Is final product of sexual reproduction
Consist of
# seed coat
# cotlydons
# Embryonal axis
Fruit:-
Ovary mature to form fruit and the ovarian wall develops into wall of fruit
Parthenocarpic fruit:-
Fruit form without fertilization
HUMAN REPRODUCTION:-
2 Type
1) Male reproductive organ and parts
# primary sex organ= testes
# secondary sex organ=
Accessory ducts:- rete testis, vasa efferentia,epididiymis,vas deferens
Accessory gland:- seminal vesicle, prostrate and bulbourethral gland (Cowper's gland)
2) Female reproductive organ and parts
# primary sex organ =ovary
# secondary sex organ
Accessory ducts:- pair of oviduct, uterus, cervix and vagina
Accessory gland:- mammary gland
External genitalia:- vulva
Gametogenesis:-
Process of gamete formation in gonads 2 type
1) spermatogenesis :-
Consists of multiplication>growth phase>maturation phase> Differentiation phase
2) Oogenesis :-
Consists of multiplication phase>growth phase>maturation phase
Structure of sperm (spermatozoa):-
Consist
Head:-
Enlarge part, large haploid nucleus, top of end acrosome enzyme present help in dissolving membrane
Neck:-
Proximal centriole present
Middle piece:-
Contain numbers of mitochondria, provide energy for movement of tail
Tail:-
Contain axial filament
Menstrual cycle:-
# Rhythmic series of changes that occur in reproductive organ
# At puberty first appearance of menstrual cycle called menarche
Fertilization:-
# Fusion of a sperm with ovum
Implantation:-
Cleavage:- zygote divide rapidly by mitotic division
Morula:- embryo with 8-16 blastomere
Blastocyst:- morula changes into a large mass
Trophoblast:- Blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into outer layer trophoblast
Gestation:-
Average duration of human pregnancy is about 9 month
Parturition:-
Act of expelling the full term foetus from mother uterus end of gestation
Lactation:-
Mammary glands of female undergo differentiation and start producing milk at the end of pregnancy
Help mother in feeding newborn
Colostrum :-
Milk that comes out of the mammary gland during initial days