CHEMICAL CONTROL & Co-Ordination :-
Chemical control present in all living organism including plants and animal, these Chemical substances perform action on target site and metabolic activities take Place
Human endocrine system :-
-Glands:-
Cell or group of cell. Which has some structure & secrete some chemical substances and secret some chemical substances
# On bases of presence and absence of duct gland are 2 type :-
1) Exocrine :-
Gland have duct and their secretion comes out through the duct, secret generally enzyme, all enzyme are protein in nature. They are use again & again , act on substrate convert into product
2) Endocrine :-
Gland have no duct in their structure so called ductless gland ,they secrete Chemical substances called harmone, Harmone are chemical substance which secret by endocrine gland, they are non-nutrient and act as chemical messenger and flow through blood stream, act on target site, can't be use again and again, they may be protein, steroid or protein derivative
Hypothalamus :-
Situated at basal Part of brain, hypothalamus is part of fore-brain, hypothalamus found below thalamus, hypothalamus secrete 2 type of harmone
1st = Releasing harmone:- which stimulate secretion of harmone from pituitary gland
2nd= Inhibitory Harmone :-
Which inhibit secretion of harmone from pituitary gland, so hypothalamus control activity of pituitary gland
Harmone of Hypothalamus :-
1: Growth harmone releasing harmone (GH-RH)
2: Growth harmone inhibitory harmone (GH-IH)
3: Thyroid Stimulating Releasing Harmone (TS-RH)
4: Thyroid Stimulating Inhibitory Harmone (TS-IH)
5: Gonadotrophin Releasing Harmone (GT-RH)
6: Gonadotrophin Inhibitory Harmone (GT-IH)
7: Adreno CorticoTrophic Releasing Harmone (ACT-RH)
8: Adreno CorticoTrophic Inhibitory Harmone (ACT-IH)
9: Prolacting Releasing Harmone (P-RH)
10: Prolacting Inhibitory Harmone (P-IH)
11: Oxytoxin Releasing Harmone (O-RH)
12: Oxytoxin Inhibitory Harmone (O-IH)
13: ADH Releasing harmone (ADH-RH)
14: ADH Releasing harmone (ADH-IH)
# Pituitary Gland :-
Lies in sella tursisa, pituitary gland attach with brain by stock called Infundiculum, present in fore-limb and act as endocrine gland, made up of 2 parts
- Adenohypophysis :-
Also called anterior lobe of pituitary gland and consist of pars distalis and pars intermedia secrete various harmone under control of hypothalamus
- Neurohypophysis:-
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland, consist of pars nervasa, which secrete harmones under the control of hypothalamus
Harmone of Adenohypophysis :-
# Growth Harmone :-
Chemically called Somatostanin ,help in elongation of bone so increase height of human being
Less secretion of Growth harmone in childhood cause Dwarfism, more secretion of growth harmone cause gignatism
# Thyroid stimulating harmone :-
This harmone secret in thyroid gland to secrete harmone
# Follicle Stimulating harmone :-
Stimulate growth and development of testis and ovaries (Graffien follicle )
# Luteinzing Harmone (ICSH):-
Stimulate ovulation (release ovum from ovary) ,in male interstitial Cell stumulating harmone act on testis and testis secrete testosterone harmone
# Adreno CorticoTrophic harmone :-
This harmone stimulate in the adrenal cortex to release harmone
# Prolactin :-
Harmone help in synthesis of milk inside mammary gland
Ex:- FSH & LH constituete gonadotrophin harmone
# Melanocyte Stimulating harmone :-
Secret by pars intermedia and help in synthesis of melanin pigment in skin and provide colour
Harmone of Neurohypophsis:-
1) Oxytocin :-
Harmone help in contraction of smooth muscle of uterus and this contraction help in delivery during child birth, so also called birth harmone, it induce secretion of milk from mammary gland so called milk ejecting harmone
2) ADH --> ( Pineal gland):-
Smallest endocrine gland and situated in fore-brain, made up of pinealocyte, secret serotonin harmone and melatonin harmone, secrotonine harmone maintain 24 hour Rhythmatic cycle and body temperature
In female it regulate menstrual cycle
Melatonin help in synthesis of melanin pigment
3) Pancrease:-
Mixed gland which contain Both Exocrine and Endocrine part in their structure, Situated near curve of duodenum, Exocrine part is about 99% called pancreatic acini, Endocrine part make 1% part of pancreas and contain 1-2 million islets of langerhans, they consist α and β cell, α cell secrete glycogen harmone whereas β cell secrete insulin harmone
Glycogen :-
Harmone which convert the stored food glycogen into glucose, so increase blood sugar level and called Hyperglycemic harmone
Insulin :-
It is a proteinous harmone which convert the glucose into glycogen so called hypoglycemic harmone
Both glycogen and insulin maintain blood sugar Level
= Diabetes :-
Occur when blood glucose level increase, it occur due to deficiency of insulin harmone or over secretion of glycogen harmone
4) Testis :-
Number of testis = 2 , present in sacrotal sac (extra abdominal cavity ) in male, Testis act as primary sex organ and perform endocrine function, Testis madeb up of seminiferous tubules and interstitial cell (cell of leydig) Inside the seminiferous tubule formation of sperm take place by process of meiosis, process called Spermatogenesis
Cell of leydig under influence of IC-SH form pituitary gland, secrete testosterone, this harmone influence development of secondary sex organ as well as secondary sex characterstics
Ovaries :-
Situated in abdominal cavity of female. They are two in number have almond shape. They act as primary sex organ and perform endocrine function. Ovaries secrete two harmone
1) Estrogen and
2) Progesterone.
Estrogen help in development of secondary sex organ whereas Progesterone secreted from corpus luteum and maintain pregnancy because it make thickened wall of uterus (Graffian follicle of ovaries after ovulation of ovaries after ovulation convert into corpus luteum ) Estrogen also help in development of secondary sexual characteristics
Heart :-
The B.P increase the value of the Heart secrete Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) .which secrete dialetes the B.P and lead to decrease in B.P
Kidney :-
Also secrete erythropoitein harmone which help in formation of R.B.C in red bone marrow ,process called erythropoiesis
Mechanism of Harmonal action :-
Chemically harmone have variety of Chemical by which they form
Protein, Peptide, Polypeptide harmone :-
They are proteinious harmone
ex:- insulin, glycogen and harmone of pituitary gland
Steroid Harmone :-
Include testosterone, estrogen and progesterone
Amino acid derivatives :-
They derived from amino acid ,so called catechol harmone
Ex:- epinephrine (adrenaline and non-adrenaline ), Iodized harmone (Thyroxine)
a) If Harmone are Protein in nature:-
Harmone are protein, so they pick up by cell membrane and give primary response then taken by secondary messenger (Cyclic AMP or Ca++ ion) and given rise to biochemical response and perform metabolic activities Or action
b) If Harmone are Steroid :-
So this harmone directly enters into Cell and pick up by receptor and form harmone receptor complex and perform function
Thyroid gland :-
Develop from endoderm it is largest endocrine gland of our body, situated both side of larynx and consists of 2 lobe connected by thin flap connected tissue called isthmus, thyroid gland made up of follicle stromal tissue follicle contain follicluler cell
- Harmone of thyroid gland :-
:: Tetraiodothyroxine (Thyroxine) T4
:: Trivdothyroxine T3
Both iodised harmone in which about 65% iodine present
Function :-
-Thyroid harmone maintain basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- Help in metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fat
- Help in R.B.C formation
- Maintain function of kidney
Disorder :-
1) Graves disease :-
Commonly called uxophthalimic goitre due to hyperthyroidism (more secretion of thyroid harmone ) In this disease bulging eye and enlargement of thyroid gland take place
2) Critinism :-
Occur due to hyperthyroidism, pubby chest, low intelligence, mental retardation stunted growth
Myxoedina :-
Hyperthyroidism in adult
Goiter :-
Deficiency of iodine
Calcitonin :-
Lower calcium and phosphorous level in blood and bone become strong
Parathyroid gland :-
"Endodermal" in origin, they are two pair and situated at dorsal side of thyroid gland made up of parafolliculer cell. Which may be chief cell or oxyphill cell
Harmone of PARATHROID Gland (PTH):-
Also called Collip's harmone. It increases calcium and phosphorous level in blood
Disorder :-
1) Hypoparathyroidism :-
Less secretion PTH cause tetany, decrease cation and phosphorous in blood. Excessive secretion of osteoporosis and PTH and cause increase in Ca+ and phosphorous in blood
Symergism :-
When two harmone perform same function
# Antaganism :-
When Two harmone perform opposite function Ex:- PTH, TCT
NOTE:-
Thyroid gland remove from tadpole larva this larva remain as such as thru out life, no metamorphoses take place
Thymus :-
Endodermal in origin thymus gland situated in chest region below sternum and near by the heart, thymus gland has two Thymoxin harmone. Which help in defensive mechanism (Immunity ) , T-lymphocyte mature and growth up their T-lymphocyte involve Cell mediated immunity size of thymus gland Decline with advanced age, so A person who has old age have immunity weak
- Adrenal gland :-
Also called suprarenal gland, b'coz it is situated just adove kidney, number of adrenal gland two, reddish brown in colour, consist Two part as
@ Adrenal cortex :-
Outer part adernal gland and again divided into 3 region outer, middle and inner ,mesodermal in origin
@ Adernal medulla :-
Inner part of adernal gland and endodermal in origin
Harmone of Adrenal Cortex :-
* Gluco-Corticoids :-
Secreted by middle region of adrenal cortex, help in sugar metabolism, main gluco-corticoids is Cortisol
* Sex-Corticoids :-
Secreted by inner region of adrenal cortex, help in secretion of sex harmone
Harmone of Adrenal Medulla :-
Secrete two harmone adrenaline and non-adrenaline, both called catecholamines, also called emergency harmone or life saving harmone, b'coz they are harmone of fight and light, fight against discase
Disorder :-
# Addition Disease:-
Occur due to low Secretion of menralocorticoids, so decrease in Na+ ion concentration in blood characterized by pubby face
# Aldosteronism :-
Occur due to more secretion of mineralocorticoids, high concentration of Na+ Ion in blood
# Cashing syndrome :-
Occur due to less secretion of glucorticoids disturbed metabolism of carbohydrate cause obesity
# Adrenal virillism :-
Occur when more male harmone secrete in female like androgens, so facial hair's and beard developed in female
Chemical control present in all living organism including plants and animal, these Chemical substances perform action on target site and metabolic activities take Place
Human endocrine system :-
-Glands:-
Cell or group of cell. Which has some structure & secrete some chemical substances and secret some chemical substances
# On bases of presence and absence of duct gland are 2 type :-
1) Exocrine :-
Gland have duct and their secretion comes out through the duct, secret generally enzyme, all enzyme are protein in nature. They are use again & again , act on substrate convert into product
2) Endocrine :-
Gland have no duct in their structure so called ductless gland ,they secrete Chemical substances called harmone, Harmone are chemical substance which secret by endocrine gland, they are non-nutrient and act as chemical messenger and flow through blood stream, act on target site, can't be use again and again, they may be protein, steroid or protein derivative
Hypothalamus :-
Situated at basal Part of brain, hypothalamus is part of fore-brain, hypothalamus found below thalamus, hypothalamus secrete 2 type of harmone
1st = Releasing harmone:- which stimulate secretion of harmone from pituitary gland
2nd= Inhibitory Harmone :-
Which inhibit secretion of harmone from pituitary gland, so hypothalamus control activity of pituitary gland
Harmone of Hypothalamus :-
1: Growth harmone releasing harmone (GH-RH)
2: Growth harmone inhibitory harmone (GH-IH)
3: Thyroid Stimulating Releasing Harmone (TS-RH)
4: Thyroid Stimulating Inhibitory Harmone (TS-IH)
5: Gonadotrophin Releasing Harmone (GT-RH)
6: Gonadotrophin Inhibitory Harmone (GT-IH)
7: Adreno CorticoTrophic Releasing Harmone (ACT-RH)
8: Adreno CorticoTrophic Inhibitory Harmone (ACT-IH)
9: Prolacting Releasing Harmone (P-RH)
10: Prolacting Inhibitory Harmone (P-IH)
11: Oxytoxin Releasing Harmone (O-RH)
12: Oxytoxin Inhibitory Harmone (O-IH)
13: ADH Releasing harmone (ADH-RH)
14: ADH Releasing harmone (ADH-IH)
# Pituitary Gland :-
Lies in sella tursisa, pituitary gland attach with brain by stock called Infundiculum, present in fore-limb and act as endocrine gland, made up of 2 parts
- Adenohypophysis :-
Also called anterior lobe of pituitary gland and consist of pars distalis and pars intermedia secrete various harmone under control of hypothalamus
- Neurohypophysis:-
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland, consist of pars nervasa, which secrete harmones under the control of hypothalamus
Harmone of Adenohypophysis :-
# Growth Harmone :-
Chemically called Somatostanin ,help in elongation of bone so increase height of human being
Less secretion of Growth harmone in childhood cause Dwarfism, more secretion of growth harmone cause gignatism
# Thyroid stimulating harmone :-
This harmone secret in thyroid gland to secrete harmone
# Follicle Stimulating harmone :-
Stimulate growth and development of testis and ovaries (Graffien follicle )
# Luteinzing Harmone (ICSH):-
Stimulate ovulation (release ovum from ovary) ,in male interstitial Cell stumulating harmone act on testis and testis secrete testosterone harmone
# Adreno CorticoTrophic harmone :-
This harmone stimulate in the adrenal cortex to release harmone
# Prolactin :-
Harmone help in synthesis of milk inside mammary gland
Ex:- FSH & LH constituete gonadotrophin harmone
# Melanocyte Stimulating harmone :-
Secret by pars intermedia and help in synthesis of melanin pigment in skin and provide colour
Harmone of Neurohypophsis:-
1) Oxytocin :-
Harmone help in contraction of smooth muscle of uterus and this contraction help in delivery during child birth, so also called birth harmone, it induce secretion of milk from mammary gland so called milk ejecting harmone
2) ADH --> ( Pineal gland):-
Smallest endocrine gland and situated in fore-brain, made up of pinealocyte, secret serotonin harmone and melatonin harmone, secrotonine harmone maintain 24 hour Rhythmatic cycle and body temperature
In female it regulate menstrual cycle
Melatonin help in synthesis of melanin pigment
3) Pancrease:-
Mixed gland which contain Both Exocrine and Endocrine part in their structure, Situated near curve of duodenum, Exocrine part is about 99% called pancreatic acini, Endocrine part make 1% part of pancreas and contain 1-2 million islets of langerhans, they consist α and β cell, α cell secrete glycogen harmone whereas β cell secrete insulin harmone
Glycogen :-
Harmone which convert the stored food glycogen into glucose, so increase blood sugar level and called Hyperglycemic harmone
Insulin :-
It is a proteinous harmone which convert the glucose into glycogen so called hypoglycemic harmone
Both glycogen and insulin maintain blood sugar Level
= Diabetes :-
Occur when blood glucose level increase, it occur due to deficiency of insulin harmone or over secretion of glycogen harmone
4) Testis :-
Number of testis = 2 , present in sacrotal sac (extra abdominal cavity ) in male, Testis act as primary sex organ and perform endocrine function, Testis madeb up of seminiferous tubules and interstitial cell (cell of leydig) Inside the seminiferous tubule formation of sperm take place by process of meiosis, process called Spermatogenesis
Cell of leydig under influence of IC-SH form pituitary gland, secrete testosterone, this harmone influence development of secondary sex organ as well as secondary sex characterstics
Ovaries :-
Situated in abdominal cavity of female. They are two in number have almond shape. They act as primary sex organ and perform endocrine function. Ovaries secrete two harmone
1) Estrogen and
2) Progesterone.
Estrogen help in development of secondary sex organ whereas Progesterone secreted from corpus luteum and maintain pregnancy because it make thickened wall of uterus (Graffian follicle of ovaries after ovulation of ovaries after ovulation convert into corpus luteum ) Estrogen also help in development of secondary sexual characteristics
Heart :-
The B.P increase the value of the Heart secrete Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) .which secrete dialetes the B.P and lead to decrease in B.P
Kidney :-
Also secrete erythropoitein harmone which help in formation of R.B.C in red bone marrow ,process called erythropoiesis
Mechanism of Harmonal action :-
Chemically harmone have variety of Chemical by which they form
Protein, Peptide, Polypeptide harmone :-
They are proteinious harmone
ex:- insulin, glycogen and harmone of pituitary gland
Steroid Harmone :-
Include testosterone, estrogen and progesterone
Amino acid derivatives :-
They derived from amino acid ,so called catechol harmone
Ex:- epinephrine (adrenaline and non-adrenaline ), Iodized harmone (Thyroxine)
a) If Harmone are Protein in nature:-
Harmone are protein, so they pick up by cell membrane and give primary response then taken by secondary messenger (Cyclic AMP or Ca++ ion) and given rise to biochemical response and perform metabolic activities Or action
b) If Harmone are Steroid :-
So this harmone directly enters into Cell and pick up by receptor and form harmone receptor complex and perform function
Thyroid gland :-
Develop from endoderm it is largest endocrine gland of our body, situated both side of larynx and consists of 2 lobe connected by thin flap connected tissue called isthmus, thyroid gland made up of follicle stromal tissue follicle contain follicluler cell
- Harmone of thyroid gland :-
:: Tetraiodothyroxine (Thyroxine) T4
:: Trivdothyroxine T3
Both iodised harmone in which about 65% iodine present
Function :-
-Thyroid harmone maintain basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- Help in metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fat
- Help in R.B.C formation
- Maintain function of kidney
Disorder :-
1) Graves disease :-
Commonly called uxophthalimic goitre due to hyperthyroidism (more secretion of thyroid harmone ) In this disease bulging eye and enlargement of thyroid gland take place
2) Critinism :-
Occur due to hyperthyroidism, pubby chest, low intelligence, mental retardation stunted growth
Myxoedina :-
Hyperthyroidism in adult
Goiter :-
Deficiency of iodine
Calcitonin :-
Lower calcium and phosphorous level in blood and bone become strong
Parathyroid gland :-
"Endodermal" in origin, they are two pair and situated at dorsal side of thyroid gland made up of parafolliculer cell. Which may be chief cell or oxyphill cell
Harmone of PARATHROID Gland (PTH):-
Also called Collip's harmone. It increases calcium and phosphorous level in blood
Disorder :-
1) Hypoparathyroidism :-
Less secretion PTH cause tetany, decrease cation and phosphorous in blood. Excessive secretion of osteoporosis and PTH and cause increase in Ca+ and phosphorous in blood
Symergism :-
When two harmone perform same function
# Antaganism :-
When Two harmone perform opposite function Ex:- PTH, TCT
NOTE:-
Thyroid gland remove from tadpole larva this larva remain as such as thru out life, no metamorphoses take place
Thymus :-
Endodermal in origin thymus gland situated in chest region below sternum and near by the heart, thymus gland has two Thymoxin harmone. Which help in defensive mechanism (Immunity ) , T-lymphocyte mature and growth up their T-lymphocyte involve Cell mediated immunity size of thymus gland Decline with advanced age, so A person who has old age have immunity weak
- Adrenal gland :-
Also called suprarenal gland, b'coz it is situated just adove kidney, number of adrenal gland two, reddish brown in colour, consist Two part as
@ Adrenal cortex :-
Outer part adernal gland and again divided into 3 region outer, middle and inner ,mesodermal in origin
@ Adernal medulla :-
Inner part of adernal gland and endodermal in origin
Harmone of Adrenal Cortex :-
* Gluco-Corticoids :-
Secreted by middle region of adrenal cortex, help in sugar metabolism, main gluco-corticoids is Cortisol
* Sex-Corticoids :-
Secreted by inner region of adrenal cortex, help in secretion of sex harmone
Harmone of Adrenal Medulla :-
Secrete two harmone adrenaline and non-adrenaline, both called catecholamines, also called emergency harmone or life saving harmone, b'coz they are harmone of fight and light, fight against discase
Disorder :-
# Addition Disease:-
Occur due to low Secretion of menralocorticoids, so decrease in Na+ ion concentration in blood characterized by pubby face
# Aldosteronism :-
Occur due to more secretion of mineralocorticoids, high concentration of Na+ Ion in blood
# Cashing syndrome :-
Occur due to less secretion of glucorticoids disturbed metabolism of carbohydrate cause obesity
# Adrenal virillism :-
Occur when more male harmone secrete in female like androgens, so facial hair's and beard developed in female
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