NEURAL CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION
@ Neural control :-
Defined as neuron control of our brain to various organ
@ Co-ordination :-
Together working of different body organ in co-ordinate form
@ Nerve Impulse :-
Electric signal transport by neuron in form of nerve impulse
@ Neuron :-
- it is structural and functional unit of nervous system
- Divide into 3 part
i) Cell body :-
In which cytoplasm present
ii) Axon :-
is a long,
slender projection of a nerve cell
iii) Dendrites :-
Are the processes arises from neuron
Note :-
Nerve fibre :-
A nerve fiber is a threadlike extension of a nerve cell and
consists of an axon and myelin sheath in nervous system
# Nerve fibre type :-
i) Sensory nerve :-
Are those which have sensory nerve fiber, take signal stimuli to brain
ii) Motor nerve :-
Contain motor nerve, take signal from brain to stimuli
iii) Mixed type :-
Contain both type of sensory and motor nerve
@ Division of Nervous system :-
1. Central nervous system (CNS) :-
main, longitudinally , Centrally located ,having 2 part
i) Brain (encephalon)
ii) Spinal cord (myelon)
2. Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) :-
Feedback type, which maintain regulation of harmone and nerve signal, it associate with CNS and nerve fibre, divide into 2 division
- Somatic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
@ Function of Nervous system :-
1. It control and coordinate working of all body part by making sensory input, which goes to brain
2. Having motor nerve which take signal brain to stimuli and react as fast as for stimuli
3. Memory and body control also handled by nervous system
@ Brain :-
Upper most situated organ, composed of neuron, having ability of self thinking, attempting and understanding thing
# Properties :-
- Whitish, soft, flattened organ
- present in skull cranial cavity
- As about 1200-1400 gram weight
- Having large network of neuron of about 100 billion neuron
- Having 3 part or divided into 3 part
i) Forebrain (Prosencephalon) :-
forward most portion of the brain, It further divide into 3 part :-
* Olfactory lobes :-
Are the small, solid, clup shaped bodies, covered with cerebral hemisphere, each olfactory lobe are consist olfactoRy bulb for the perception of odors and posterior tract
* Cerebrum (telencephalon):-
Present at anterior portion of the forebrain divided into right and left hemispheres ,Each hemisphere has a convex superior surface and slightly concave inferior surface and a flat surface
# Function :-
~ Control voluntary action of body
~ Site of intelligence, memory, thinking, etc
Note :- As my teacher says more big Urs cerebrum more u intelligent ,active and smart
* Diencephalon :-
Slit like cavity , complex
structures within the brain divides into thalamus and hypothalamus also called interbrain
# Function :-
~ Act as relay centre for sensory impulse
~ Act as perceiving centre for crude sensation
- Hypothalamus :-
Pearl like structure of Forebrain, regulates harmonal control also called master of all gland, b'coz it regulate function of other gland also
# Function :-
~ Maintaining homeostasis by regulating body temperature, heart beat, water balance etc
~ Control hunger, thirst etc
ii) Midbrain (Mesencephalon):-
portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, alertness, and temperature
regulation.
iii) Hind brain (Rhombencephalon) :-
lower part of the brainstem, comprising the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
Note :-
=> medulla oblongata + Midbrain+ Diencephalon = Brain stem
=> Cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F) :-
Lymph like extracelluler fluid called cerebrospinal fluid
@ Spinal cord (myelon) :-
long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain
# Function :-
- Conduct sensory and motor impulse
- Centre of spinal reflexes
Note :-
* Nerve arise from brain called cerebral or cranial nerve
* Nerve arise from spinal cord called spinal nerve
@ Reflex action :-
Involuntary action performed by body to any stimuli which is spontaneous in nature
# Reflex arc :-
Path travelled by an impulse in reflex action, process carried as
i) Receptor :-
Neuron which receives stimules
ii) Afferent nerve :-
Carry stimuli signal to brain
iii) Brain or spinal cord :-
Stumuli signal proceesed in brain or spinal cord
iv) Efferent nerve :-
Carry brain signal to stimuli part of body
v) Effector :-
Doing response to stimuli part
All just happen in few milliseconds
# Importance :-
- Immediate reacts to any harmful stimuli prevent further loss
- Spinal reflex arc relieve brain work load
@ Resting and Action potential :-
i) Resting potential :-
Difference in electrical charges across plasma membrane
ii) Action potential :-
Change in polarity across plasma membrane
@ Nerve Impulse generation :-
This occur in two step
i) depolarization:-
is a positive-going change in a cell's membrane potential, making it more positive, or less negative
ii) Repolarization :-
refers to the change in membrane potential that returns the membrane potential to a negative value after the depolarization phase of an action potential has just previously changed the membrane potential to a positive value
# Refractory Period :-
Time period between which nerve fibre recovers from first stimulus and ready to carry another impulse
# Neurotransmitter :-
Endogenous chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse.
# Nervous system Disorder :-
i) Poliomyelitis :-
Viral infection cause by polio virus ,which distroy cell body of motor neuron
ii) Meningitis :-
Inflammation of brain covering caused by bacteria, virus and etc
iii) Neuritis :-
In this sensory fibre's and motor fibre damaged which cause disturbance in PNS (Peripheral nervous system)
@ Eye :-
eyes are the organs of Sight, hollow, spherical organ . They detect light and convert it into electro- chemical impulses in neurons, two in number,
# Parts :-
- Aqueous Chamber :-
Cavity present lense and Cornea
- Blind Spot :-
Spot like structure at end of eye, here image of object formed and then nerve impulse conducted to brain as in form of electrical signal
- Cornea :-
The cornea is a clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye,it lack blood vessel
- Conjunctiva :-
The conjunctiva is a thin, clear membrane covering the front of the eye and inner eyelids
- Eyelashes :-
These specialized hairs protect the eyes from particles that may injure them
- Iris :-
This is the colored part of the eye: brown, green, blue, etc. It is a ring of muscle fibers located behind the cornea
- Retina :-
The retina is the film of the eye. It converts light rays into electrical signals and sends them to the brain through the optic nerve.
- Sclera :-
The sclera is the opaque bluish white, tough wall of the eye consist fibroelastic tissue. - Vitreous Cavity :-
The space between the lens and retina filled with the gel like Vitreous Humor.
- Vitreous Humor :-
The vitreous humor is a jelly like liquid that fills most of the eye
# Binocular vision :-
Are those vision in which both eye focussed on same object
# Photo receptor :-
Light sensitive pigmented cell, In which wavelength of light breakdown which stimulate receptor cell to set nerve impulse,
i) Rod cell :-
Contain purplish pigment called rhodopsin ,help in vision in dark
ii) Cone cell :-
Contain visual violet pigment called iodopsin, help in vision in light
@ Eye defects :-
i) Near sightedness (myopia) :-
Inability of eye to see far object, it is corrected by using concave lense
ii) Far sightedness (Hypermetropia) :-
Inability of eye to see near placed object, it is corrected by using convex lense
iii) Astigmatism :-
Happen due to irregular curvature of cornea or lens ,can be corrected by cylindrical glasses
iv) Presbiopia :-
In this lenses loose their flexibility can be corrected by using convex lense
v) Cantract :-
In this Lens became opaque which lead sometime cause blindness
@ Ears :-
It is hearing organ of body also maintain body posture or balance , present both lateral side of head, divided into 3 part
1. External ear :-
Cartilagenous flexible outer part ,It's shapes in such a manner that it Amplify or capture more sound at a time and tranfer to middle ear having two region
i) Pinna :-
Oval, elasticy cartilage in lower side of ear
ii) External auditory canal :-
S-shaped tube leading inward from the pinna
Note :-
Tympanic membrane :-
Thin, tightly streched membrane which vibrates when sound wave strikes
2. Middle ear :-
The middle ear or tympanic cavity or cavum tympani is an irregular, laterally compressed space within the temporal bone. It is filled with air hollow space , just with eardrum middle ear have 3 moving bone called ear ossicles named as
i) Stapes
ii) Incus
iii) Malleus
which take virbration of eardrum and together produces signal transfer to inner ear
3. Internal ear :-
Is a delicate, irregular organ surrounds by bony labyrinth, and this labyrinth consist 3 part
i ) Vestibule :-
Central sachin like part ,divide into utricle and saccule
ii) Semicircular ducts :-
Are the 3 semicircular duct ,which are perpendicular to each other
Note :-
Organ of corti :-
Basilar membrane bearing hearing organ
# Function :-
- Hearing :-
Help in detect sound source, it's location, direction, and etc
- Equillibrium :-
Help in maintain body posture and balance
@ Neural control :-
Defined as neuron control of our brain to various organ
@ Co-ordination :-
Together working of different body organ in co-ordinate form
@ Nerve Impulse :-
Electric signal transport by neuron in form of nerve impulse
@ Neuron :-
- it is structural and functional unit of nervous system
- Divide into 3 part
i) Cell body :-
In which cytoplasm present
ii) Axon :-
is a long,
slender projection of a nerve cell
iii) Dendrites :-
Are the processes arises from neuron
Note :-
Nerve fibre :-
A nerve fiber is a threadlike extension of a nerve cell and
consists of an axon and myelin sheath in nervous system
# Nerve fibre type :-
i) Sensory nerve :-
Are those which have sensory nerve fiber, take signal stimuli to brain
ii) Motor nerve :-
Contain motor nerve, take signal from brain to stimuli
iii) Mixed type :-
Contain both type of sensory and motor nerve
@ Division of Nervous system :-
1. Central nervous system (CNS) :-
main, longitudinally , Centrally located ,having 2 part
i) Brain (encephalon)
ii) Spinal cord (myelon)
2. Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) :-
Feedback type, which maintain regulation of harmone and nerve signal, it associate with CNS and nerve fibre, divide into 2 division
- Somatic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
@ Function of Nervous system :-
1. It control and coordinate working of all body part by making sensory input, which goes to brain
2. Having motor nerve which take signal brain to stimuli and react as fast as for stimuli
3. Memory and body control also handled by nervous system
@ Brain :-
Upper most situated organ, composed of neuron, having ability of self thinking, attempting and understanding thing
# Properties :-
- Whitish, soft, flattened organ
- present in skull cranial cavity
- As about 1200-1400 gram weight
- Having large network of neuron of about 100 billion neuron
- Having 3 part or divided into 3 part
i) Forebrain (Prosencephalon) :-
forward most portion of the brain, It further divide into 3 part :-
* Olfactory lobes :-
Are the small, solid, clup shaped bodies, covered with cerebral hemisphere, each olfactory lobe are consist olfactoRy bulb for the perception of odors and posterior tract
* Cerebrum (telencephalon):-
Present at anterior portion of the forebrain divided into right and left hemispheres ,Each hemisphere has a convex superior surface and slightly concave inferior surface and a flat surface
# Function :-
~ Control voluntary action of body
~ Site of intelligence, memory, thinking, etc
Note :- As my teacher says more big Urs cerebrum more u intelligent ,active and smart
* Diencephalon :-
Slit like cavity , complex
structures within the brain divides into thalamus and hypothalamus also called interbrain
# Function :-
~ Act as relay centre for sensory impulse
~ Act as perceiving centre for crude sensation
- Hypothalamus :-
Pearl like structure of Forebrain, regulates harmonal control also called master of all gland, b'coz it regulate function of other gland also
# Function :-
~ Maintaining homeostasis by regulating body temperature, heart beat, water balance etc
~ Control hunger, thirst etc
ii) Midbrain (Mesencephalon):-
portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, alertness, and temperature
regulation.
iii) Hind brain (Rhombencephalon) :-
lower part of the brainstem, comprising the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
Note :-
=> medulla oblongata + Midbrain+ Diencephalon = Brain stem
=> Cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F) :-
Lymph like extracelluler fluid called cerebrospinal fluid
@ Spinal cord (myelon) :-
long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain
# Function :-
- Conduct sensory and motor impulse
- Centre of spinal reflexes
Note :-
* Nerve arise from brain called cerebral or cranial nerve
* Nerve arise from spinal cord called spinal nerve
@ Reflex action :-
Involuntary action performed by body to any stimuli which is spontaneous in nature
# Reflex arc :-
Path travelled by an impulse in reflex action, process carried as
i) Receptor :-
Neuron which receives stimules
ii) Afferent nerve :-
Carry stimuli signal to brain
iii) Brain or spinal cord :-
Stumuli signal proceesed in brain or spinal cord
iv) Efferent nerve :-
Carry brain signal to stimuli part of body
v) Effector :-
Doing response to stimuli part
All just happen in few milliseconds
# Importance :-
- Immediate reacts to any harmful stimuli prevent further loss
- Spinal reflex arc relieve brain work load
@ Resting and Action potential :-
i) Resting potential :-
Difference in electrical charges across plasma membrane
ii) Action potential :-
Change in polarity across plasma membrane
@ Nerve Impulse generation :-
This occur in two step
i) depolarization:-
is a positive-going change in a cell's membrane potential, making it more positive, or less negative
ii) Repolarization :-
refers to the change in membrane potential that returns the membrane potential to a negative value after the depolarization phase of an action potential has just previously changed the membrane potential to a positive value
# Refractory Period :-
Time period between which nerve fibre recovers from first stimulus and ready to carry another impulse
# Neurotransmitter :-
Endogenous chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse.
# Nervous system Disorder :-
i) Poliomyelitis :-
Viral infection cause by polio virus ,which distroy cell body of motor neuron
ii) Meningitis :-
Inflammation of brain covering caused by bacteria, virus and etc
iii) Neuritis :-
In this sensory fibre's and motor fibre damaged which cause disturbance in PNS (Peripheral nervous system)
@ Eye :-
eyes are the organs of Sight, hollow, spherical organ . They detect light and convert it into electro- chemical impulses in neurons, two in number,
# Parts :-
- Aqueous Chamber :-
Cavity present lense and Cornea
- Blind Spot :-
Spot like structure at end of eye, here image of object formed and then nerve impulse conducted to brain as in form of electrical signal
- Cornea :-
The cornea is a clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye,it lack blood vessel
- Conjunctiva :-
The conjunctiva is a thin, clear membrane covering the front of the eye and inner eyelids
- Eyelashes :-
These specialized hairs protect the eyes from particles that may injure them
- Iris :-
This is the colored part of the eye: brown, green, blue, etc. It is a ring of muscle fibers located behind the cornea
- Retina :-
The retina is the film of the eye. It converts light rays into electrical signals and sends them to the brain through the optic nerve.
- Sclera :-
The sclera is the opaque bluish white, tough wall of the eye consist fibroelastic tissue. - Vitreous Cavity :-
The space between the lens and retina filled with the gel like Vitreous Humor.
- Vitreous Humor :-
The vitreous humor is a jelly like liquid that fills most of the eye
# Binocular vision :-
Are those vision in which both eye focussed on same object
# Photo receptor :-
Light sensitive pigmented cell, In which wavelength of light breakdown which stimulate receptor cell to set nerve impulse,
i) Rod cell :-
Contain purplish pigment called rhodopsin ,help in vision in dark
ii) Cone cell :-
Contain visual violet pigment called iodopsin, help in vision in light
@ Eye defects :-
i) Near sightedness (myopia) :-
Inability of eye to see far object, it is corrected by using concave lense
ii) Far sightedness (Hypermetropia) :-
Inability of eye to see near placed object, it is corrected by using convex lense
iii) Astigmatism :-
Happen due to irregular curvature of cornea or lens ,can be corrected by cylindrical glasses
iv) Presbiopia :-
In this lenses loose their flexibility can be corrected by using convex lense
v) Cantract :-
In this Lens became opaque which lead sometime cause blindness
@ Ears :-
It is hearing organ of body also maintain body posture or balance , present both lateral side of head, divided into 3 part
1. External ear :-
Cartilagenous flexible outer part ,It's shapes in such a manner that it Amplify or capture more sound at a time and tranfer to middle ear having two region
i) Pinna :-
Oval, elasticy cartilage in lower side of ear
ii) External auditory canal :-
S-shaped tube leading inward from the pinna
Note :-
Tympanic membrane :-
Thin, tightly streched membrane which vibrates when sound wave strikes
2. Middle ear :-
The middle ear or tympanic cavity or cavum tympani is an irregular, laterally compressed space within the temporal bone. It is filled with air hollow space , just with eardrum middle ear have 3 moving bone called ear ossicles named as
i) Stapes
ii) Incus
iii) Malleus
which take virbration of eardrum and together produces signal transfer to inner ear
3. Internal ear :-
Is a delicate, irregular organ surrounds by bony labyrinth, and this labyrinth consist 3 part
i ) Vestibule :-
Central sachin like part ,divide into utricle and saccule
ii) Semicircular ducts :-
Are the 3 semicircular duct ,which are perpendicular to each other
Note :-
Organ of corti :-
Basilar membrane bearing hearing organ
# Function :-
- Hearing :-
Help in detect sound source, it's location, direction, and etc
- Equillibrium :-
Help in maintain body posture and balance
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