Locomotion and movement
Movement is characteristics of living organism. All plant and animal exihibit variety of movement in which movement is characteristic of plants and animal. Where as locomotion is character of only animal
Streaming of protoplasm in unicelluler organism like as amoeba is simpler form of movement. Movement of cillia flagella and tentacles exihibited by living organism
The voluntary action of an animal in which he move one place to another place called locomotion
1. Pseudopodia help in locomotion of amoeba
2. Tentacles help in the locomotion of hydra
3. Movement of limb ,tongue,jaw also found in human being
TYPES OF MOVEMENT:-
Amoeboid movement:-
In human being blood has macrophages and leucocytes move in the blood
Cillate movement:-
Cillia present in the epithilium of trachea and help in passes the air through it , fallopein tube also bear cillia . Which have in movement of ovum to site for fertilization
Muscular movement:-
This type of movement perform by the muscles help in movement also leads to locomotion
Locomotion in human being involves muscular and skeletal system
MUSCULAR SYSTEM:-
muscular system mesodermal in origin about 40%-50% weight of body contibuted by muscle
Muscles have the ability to contractibilty and elasticity, extensibility and contractibility
ON BASIS OF APPEARANCE AND POSITION :- 3 TYPE
1. Straited muscle -
This muscles attach to skeleton of our body also called skeletal muscle. This muscle have stripe like structures so called straited muscle. Their function depend upon our will so usually called voluntary muscle
Smooth muscle -
Not attached to skeleton. So called non-skeleton muscle found in visceral organ and don't have any stripe like structure
Cardiac muscle -
Exclusively found in heart. cardiac muscle and involuntary in nature. Cardiac muscle don't get fatigue where as can work 24 hour
STRUCTURE OF CONTRACTILE PROTEIN-
Thin filament- myosin
There are 2 types of filament present in sarcomere help in contraction and relaxation of muscle. They are thin and thick filament
THICK FILAMENT-
made up of actin tropomyosin
And troponine in each thin filament fibrous [F-actin] filament hellicaly wound with each other fiberous actin made up of glomeruler actin, tropomyosin run parallel to F-actin in helically manner and troponin situated at some places and have the ability to bind with thick filament
THICK FILAMENT -
made up of myosin protein, each myosin protein made up of monomeric meromyosic. Each meromyosin had head and tail contain light meromyosin of head containing heavy meromyosin. It head contain actin binding site as well as ATP
THEORIES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION-
sliding filament theory is most accepted theory about contraction of muscle. A signal send to CNS for contraction and CNS send this signal to muscle and by help of nerve message send to neuro-muscular junction. This neuro-musculer junction act as sarcolema and sarcolema create secretion of calcium ion form sarcoplamic reticulum. This ca+ ion act on head of meromyosin and break ATP into ADP+ip and then thin filament slide over thick filament make contraction after this activity ATP again formed and ca+ ion return to sarcoplamic reticulum breaking of cross bridge take place and muscle become relax
MYOGLOBIN-
muscle contain oxygen carrying pigment called myoglobin carry oxygen into muscle in form of oxymyoglobin
There are 2 type of muscle fibers on basis of amount of myoglobin
RED MUSCLE-
Contain more amount of myoglobin called red muscle have more number of mitochondria and release more energy these are called aerobic muscle[aerobic muscle-active in nature]
WHITE MUSCLE-
These muscle contain less amount of myoglobin called white muscle having less number of mitochondria less energy released, anaerobic muscle and inactive in nature
SKELETON SYSTEM-
composed of frame work of bones and some cartilage, bond and cartilage are the type of connective tissue, bone along with muscle help in movement and locomotion
Number of bones in human being=206
Number of bones in new born baby=300
SKELETON CONSIST OF AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SKELETON
axial Skelton-
Situated at main axis of the body and comprises skull
1. SKULL-situated at head region
Cranium(8 bone)
1 frontal bone =1 bone
2 Temporal bone= 2 bone
3 pariental bone =2 bone
4 occipital bone =1 bone
5 sphenoid bone =1 bone
6 ethmoid bone =1 bone
A u-shaped structure present below the skull -hyoid bone=1 bone
Middle ear contain ear ossicles - malleus,incus,stapes (smallest bone)
2. Vertebral column-
( Vertebra) at lower most portion of skull vertebral column present at dorsal side of the body composed of many vertebra, this vertebra situated just one above other and interconnected by inter-vertebral disk. Each vertebra has center hollow portion called numeral canal through which spinal-cord passes and vertebra protect spinal cord. 1st vertebra called atlas and 2nd vertebra called axis. Total number of vertebra 26
1 cervical vertebra =7
2 thoracic vertebra =12
3 lumbar vertebra=5
4 sacrum vertebra= 1
5 coccyseal vertebra=1
RIBS-
they are 12 in pair and make rib cage. Because dorsally attached with sternum. It of 3 type
1. True ribs-
First 7 pair ribs directly articulate with sternum, so called true ribs
2. False ribs-
8,9,10 pair of ribs don't directly articulate with sternum firstly attached with 7th ribs, so indirect attached to sternum are called false ribs
3. Floating ribs-
11th and12th pair of ribs don't attach with sternum so called floating ribs
STERNUM-
flat bone situated at ventral side number of sternum are 11
In axial skeleton total number of bone= 80
APPENDICULER SKELTON-
include two pair limbs and gridle
(a) pectoral gride-
1. Scapula [triangular shape and situated at dorsal side] =1
2. Clavide [collar bone]=1
(b) fore limb-
1 humerous =1
2 radio-ulna =2
3 carpel =8
4 metacarpel =5
5 phalanges=14
(c) pelvis gridle -
Ilium, ischium and rubis = acetabulum =1
(d) hind limbs
1 femus =1
2 knee cap =1
3 tibia fabula =2
4 tarsals =7
5 metatarsals =5
6 phalanges =14
Total number of bone in appendicular =126
JOINTS-
. all type of joints help in movement of body form one to another place i.e leads to locomotion. Joints are pt. Where two bones are connected
Force generated between bone and muscles called fulcrum
Types-
1. Fibrous joints-
This type of joints found between skull bone. Skull bone attached end to end by fibrous cartilage also called fixed and immoveable joints
2. Cartilage joints -
Found between vertebra attached to each other by cartiligenous have limited movement
3. Synovial movement-
Joints have fluid filled in synovial cavity and moveable in nature
(a) ball and socket joints-
Pectoral and humerous
(b) hinge joints-
Knee joints
(c) pivot joints-
Atlas and axis
(d) gliding joints-
Between carpel
(e) saddle joints -
Between carpel & metacarpel
DISORDER-
1. MYASTHENA GRAVIS-
auto immune disorder of neuromotor junction leads to weaking the bone and ultimately leads to paralysis
2. Muscular dystrofy-
Pogressive degradation of skeletal muscle due to genetic disorder
3. Arthritis-
Inflammation of joints
4. GOUT-
.. INFLAMMATION of joints. Due to accumulation of uric acid crystal
5. Tetany -
Rapid spanzimy of muscle due to low ca level
Or
Muscle fail to relax
6. Osteoporosis-
Dissolution of bone and bone become weak found generally in old age [ level of estrogen]
7. Rickets-
Limbs become weak and trude or molted due to decrease level of ca+ ion
8. Osteomalacia -
Dissolution of bone and bone become weak in adult
9. Osteomeletis fibrosis-
Bone Become fiber like structure and human could not stand
10. fracture -
Break down of bone
Movement is characteristics of living organism. All plant and animal exihibit variety of movement in which movement is characteristic of plants and animal. Where as locomotion is character of only animal
Streaming of protoplasm in unicelluler organism like as amoeba is simpler form of movement. Movement of cillia flagella and tentacles exihibited by living organism
The voluntary action of an animal in which he move one place to another place called locomotion
1. Pseudopodia help in locomotion of amoeba
2. Tentacles help in the locomotion of hydra
3. Movement of limb ,tongue,jaw also found in human being
TYPES OF MOVEMENT:-
Amoeboid movement:-
In human being blood has macrophages and leucocytes move in the blood
Cillate movement:-
Cillia present in the epithilium of trachea and help in passes the air through it , fallopein tube also bear cillia . Which have in movement of ovum to site for fertilization
Muscular movement:-
This type of movement perform by the muscles help in movement also leads to locomotion
Locomotion in human being involves muscular and skeletal system
MUSCULAR SYSTEM:-
muscular system mesodermal in origin about 40%-50% weight of body contibuted by muscle
Muscles have the ability to contractibilty and elasticity, extensibility and contractibility
ON BASIS OF APPEARANCE AND POSITION :- 3 TYPE
1. Straited muscle -
This muscles attach to skeleton of our body also called skeletal muscle. This muscle have stripe like structures so called straited muscle. Their function depend upon our will so usually called voluntary muscle
Smooth muscle -
Not attached to skeleton. So called non-skeleton muscle found in visceral organ and don't have any stripe like structure
Cardiac muscle -
Exclusively found in heart. cardiac muscle and involuntary in nature. Cardiac muscle don't get fatigue where as can work 24 hour
STRUCTURE OF CONTRACTILE PROTEIN-
Thin filament- myosin
There are 2 types of filament present in sarcomere help in contraction and relaxation of muscle. They are thin and thick filament
THICK FILAMENT-
made up of actin tropomyosin
And troponine in each thin filament fibrous [F-actin] filament hellicaly wound with each other fiberous actin made up of glomeruler actin, tropomyosin run parallel to F-actin in helically manner and troponin situated at some places and have the ability to bind with thick filament
THICK FILAMENT -
made up of myosin protein, each myosin protein made up of monomeric meromyosic. Each meromyosin had head and tail contain light meromyosin of head containing heavy meromyosin. It head contain actin binding site as well as ATP
THEORIES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION-
sliding filament theory is most accepted theory about contraction of muscle. A signal send to CNS for contraction and CNS send this signal to muscle and by help of nerve message send to neuro-muscular junction. This neuro-musculer junction act as sarcolema and sarcolema create secretion of calcium ion form sarcoplamic reticulum. This ca+ ion act on head of meromyosin and break ATP into ADP+ip and then thin filament slide over thick filament make contraction after this activity ATP again formed and ca+ ion return to sarcoplamic reticulum breaking of cross bridge take place and muscle become relax
MYOGLOBIN-
muscle contain oxygen carrying pigment called myoglobin carry oxygen into muscle in form of oxymyoglobin
There are 2 type of muscle fibers on basis of amount of myoglobin
RED MUSCLE-
Contain more amount of myoglobin called red muscle have more number of mitochondria and release more energy these are called aerobic muscle[aerobic muscle-active in nature]
WHITE MUSCLE-
These muscle contain less amount of myoglobin called white muscle having less number of mitochondria less energy released, anaerobic muscle and inactive in nature
SKELETON SYSTEM-
composed of frame work of bones and some cartilage, bond and cartilage are the type of connective tissue, bone along with muscle help in movement and locomotion
Number of bones in human being=206
Number of bones in new born baby=300
SKELETON CONSIST OF AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SKELETON
axial Skelton-
Situated at main axis of the body and comprises skull
1. SKULL-situated at head region
Cranium(8 bone)
1 frontal bone =1 bone
2 Temporal bone= 2 bone
3 pariental bone =2 bone
4 occipital bone =1 bone
5 sphenoid bone =1 bone
6 ethmoid bone =1 bone
A u-shaped structure present below the skull -hyoid bone=1 bone
Middle ear contain ear ossicles - malleus,incus,stapes (smallest bone)
2. Vertebral column-
( Vertebra) at lower most portion of skull vertebral column present at dorsal side of the body composed of many vertebra, this vertebra situated just one above other and interconnected by inter-vertebral disk. Each vertebra has center hollow portion called numeral canal through which spinal-cord passes and vertebra protect spinal cord. 1st vertebra called atlas and 2nd vertebra called axis. Total number of vertebra 26
1 cervical vertebra =7
2 thoracic vertebra =12
3 lumbar vertebra=5
4 sacrum vertebra= 1
5 coccyseal vertebra=1
RIBS-
they are 12 in pair and make rib cage. Because dorsally attached with sternum. It of 3 type
1. True ribs-
First 7 pair ribs directly articulate with sternum, so called true ribs
2. False ribs-
8,9,10 pair of ribs don't directly articulate with sternum firstly attached with 7th ribs, so indirect attached to sternum are called false ribs
3. Floating ribs-
11th and12th pair of ribs don't attach with sternum so called floating ribs
STERNUM-
flat bone situated at ventral side number of sternum are 11
In axial skeleton total number of bone= 80
APPENDICULER SKELTON-
include two pair limbs and gridle
(a) pectoral gride-
1. Scapula [triangular shape and situated at dorsal side] =1
2. Clavide [collar bone]=1
(b) fore limb-
1 humerous =1
2 radio-ulna =2
3 carpel =8
4 metacarpel =5
5 phalanges=14
(c) pelvis gridle -
Ilium, ischium and rubis = acetabulum =1
(d) hind limbs
1 femus =1
2 knee cap =1
3 tibia fabula =2
4 tarsals =7
5 metatarsals =5
6 phalanges =14
Total number of bone in appendicular =126
JOINTS-
. all type of joints help in movement of body form one to another place i.e leads to locomotion. Joints are pt. Where two bones are connected
Force generated between bone and muscles called fulcrum
Types-
1. Fibrous joints-
This type of joints found between skull bone. Skull bone attached end to end by fibrous cartilage also called fixed and immoveable joints
2. Cartilage joints -
Found between vertebra attached to each other by cartiligenous have limited movement
3. Synovial movement-
Joints have fluid filled in synovial cavity and moveable in nature
(a) ball and socket joints-
Pectoral and humerous
(b) hinge joints-
Knee joints
(c) pivot joints-
Atlas and axis
(d) gliding joints-
Between carpel
(e) saddle joints -
Between carpel & metacarpel
DISORDER-
1. MYASTHENA GRAVIS-
auto immune disorder of neuromotor junction leads to weaking the bone and ultimately leads to paralysis
2. Muscular dystrofy-
Pogressive degradation of skeletal muscle due to genetic disorder
3. Arthritis-
Inflammation of joints
4. GOUT-
.. INFLAMMATION of joints. Due to accumulation of uric acid crystal
5. Tetany -
Rapid spanzimy of muscle due to low ca level
Or
Muscle fail to relax
6. Osteoporosis-
Dissolution of bone and bone become weak found generally in old age [ level of estrogen]
7. Rickets-
Limbs become weak and trude or molted due to decrease level of ca+ ion
8. Osteomalacia -
Dissolution of bone and bone become weak in adult
9. Osteomeletis fibrosis-
Bone Become fiber like structure and human could not stand
10. fracture -
Break down of bone
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