Carbohydrate

Carbohydrate ( saccharides):-

       these are defined as polyhydroxy aldehydic or ketonic organic compounds or as the organic compounds which yield such derivatives on hydrolysis
- Composition = 1:2:1 of C, H, O respectively
- General formula = CnH2nOn or (CH2O)n

@ Classification :-

   On the bases of number of sugarmolecules

1. Monosaccharides :-

             simplest type of carbohydrate form by single aldehydic or ketonic derivatives of polyhydroxy alchohol
- These can be hydrolysed further
- Number of carbon atom may varies 3 to 7
- At their name a suffix used is '-ose'
- General formula CnH2nOn

@ Families of Monosaccharides :-

i) Aldoses :-

          these are those in which carbonyl group is in aldehydic form i.e Glucose

ii) Ketoses :-

          these are those in which carbonyl group is in ketonic form i.e ribulose

@ Types :-

- Trioses = Having 3 Carbon atom
- Tetroses = Having 4 Carbon atom
- Pentoses = Having 5 Carbon atom
- Hexoses = Having 6 carbon compound
- Heptoses = Having 7 carbon compound

@ Isomerism in Monosaccharides :-

          these are those isomer in which compound having same molecular formula and have different arrangement of monosaccharides molecule
* These monosaccharides may be form in two isomer are

i) Geomatric isomerism :-

         in this compound having same molecular formula but having diferent in geomatry

ii) Optical isomerism :-

         these type having same molecular formula but having different optical activity toward polar light

@ Test for determing Monosaccherides :-

- Fehling test :-

         in this yellow precipitate of cuprous hydroxide formed

- Benedict test :-

      In this yellow colour precipitate formed of cuprous hydroxude

2. Oligosaccharides :-

          These are those carbohydrate which having 2-10 monosaccharides interlinked by glycosidic bond
- Their hydrolysis gives 2-10 monomer unit

- General formula = Cn(H2O)n-1

- Colorless, crystalline solids, soluble in water

@ Types :-

i) Disaccharides = Having 2 monosaccharides unit :-
    this also called ' Double sugar' , number of carbon atom is 12 ie maltose, Sucrose, Lactose, Isomaltose
ii) Trisaccharides unit = Having 3 monosaccharides unit
iii) Tetrasaccharides = Having 4 monosaccharides unit
iv) Penta saccharides - Having 5 monosaccharides unit

3. polysaccharides ( Glycans) :-

         these are those carbohydrate having several monosaccharides unit which interlinked by glycosidic linkage
- Suffix as "-ose" and "-an" used end of that names
- General formula ( C6H10O5)n , where n= number of monosugar unit
- They are having high molecular weight, solubility in water,sweetish substances

@ Types :-

* Homopolysaccharides :-

       these are those which are made by only one type monosaccharides unit , i.e = Starch, Glycogen, cellulose
* These are those which are made by two diferent type of monosaccharides units , i.e = Pectins, Chitin