THERMODYNAMIC

THERMODYNAMIC (Heat of motion)

      it is the field of science dealing in energy in the form of heat and work and their conversion into each other

@ Application of thermodynamic laws :-

- Energy transfer in steam of nuclear plants
- Internal combustion engine
- Air conditioning
- Reffigration

@ Macroscopic analysis :-

 the discription of a system using a few measurable properties is known as MA

@ Microscopic analysis :-

        in microscopic analysis the basics is the behaviour of individual atoms and molecules. the study of these atoms and molecules of a substance is known as approach is also known as ststistical approach

@ System :-

      A thermodynamic system is defined as a quanlity of matter or a prescribed reason in space upon which attention is forward for study

@ surrounding :-

          every thing external to the system bis called a surrounding

@ Boundary :-

   it is a kind of envelop which separate the system from surrounding , it may be real or imaginary . it may be fixed or moving

@ Universe :-

     a system and its surrounding together from universe

@ state :-

     the condition of a system at any instant of time described by its physical properties is known as state of system

@ types of thermodynamic system :-

    i) Closed system :-

            if there is no transfer of mass across the system boundary is called as closed system Ex:-
internal combustion system

ii) Open system :-

         in an open system there is exchange of mass across the system the system ex:-
 turbine

iii) Isolated system :-

         in an isolated sytem there is no transfer of mass and energy to and from the system ex:- thurmes

@ Homogenous and Heterogenous :-

      a system which consist of single phase is known as homogenous system .while the system consist of more than 1 phase is heterogenous stystem

# nature of load type :-

1. Tensile load :-

       the tensile load is this when length of the object of material increases, the length increases inthe direction of applied force

2. Compressive load :-

          the load whose effect is to decrease the length of the material is known as compressive load. the length decrease , the direction of load applied

3. shearing load :-

        the load whose effect is to closer aflying of one face of member relative to other is called shaering load in this case parellel nature effect belong different place

4. Bending load :-

       the type of load whose effect is to cause a certain degree of nature or bending in an object is known as bending load

5. Twisting load :-

          the effect produced by two couple applied and as opposite and of a member such as cause its longitude  axis is known as twisting load

6. Stress :-

          the internal resistance per unit cross section area affect by a body against deformation is caleed stress
stress= P/A , where P= load applied on a body and A= cross section area of the body

# Strain :-

         strain is the ratio of change in dimension of the bosy to the original dimension

# Types of stress :-

i) Direct stress :-

          a type of stress which is induced when a force is applied parellel to the cross section of the body ,

ii) Shear stress :-

     when two equal and opposite forces are applied tangentially to the cross section of the body . the stress is used is known as shear stress , riverted joint is an ef. of shear stress

# Types of strain :-

   - Tensile STrain :-

            when a member is subjected to two equal and opposite axially tensile forces it creates  elongation in the length . the ratio of this elongation of original length to two original length is known as tensile strain

- Compressive :-

        when a member is subjected to two equal and oppositetowards each other, which results in decrease in size of material to its original length

- shear strain :-

           when a body is subjected to two equal and opposite parellel forces not in same line it tends to shear of consider a member A,B,C,D which is subjected to a tangential force P is taken when a tangential force P acts on a body it gets distorded to ABCD thru angle queta , this ratio of angular reformation to original length along the force is known as shear strain

-  Volumetric strain :-

             the ratio of change in volume to original volume is known as volumetric strain

@ hook's law :-

        this law states that within elastic limit stress is directly proportional to strain that is sigma directly proportional to L
or E= sigma/L
where e= young modules of elasticity
sigma = stress  produces
L = strain produced

@ Modules of rigidity :-

               it is the ratio between shear stress and shear stain

@ Bulk's modules :-

          it is the ratio between the normal stress to volumatric strain