NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
@ Radioactivity :-
The phenomenon of spontaneios and continues emission of powerful invisible radiation by the disintegrationan element or a substance, which affect the photographic plate
@ Radioactive Decay :-
Disintegration of the nuleus of an atom spontaneously with the loss of either alpha-particle or both results in formation of a new element
# Types of Radioactive decay :-
i) Alpha-Decay :-
cause decrease of atomic number by 2 unit and mass number by 4 unit
ii) Beta-Decay :-
cause increase of atomic number by 1 unit and no change in mass number
iii) gamma decay :-
Emission of gamma ray cause no change in atomic number and mass number , since it represent the energy lost
iv) Positron decay :-
Positron is a particle having the same mass number as an electron , but positiv charged , emission of a positron decrease the atomic number by 1 unit
v) Elecron capture :-
capture of an electron decrease the atomic number by 1 unit
@ Nuclear Stability :-
tthere are some following rules to measure nuclear stability are
- All nuclei with 84 or more proton are unstable
- Nuclei that contain 2,8,20,50,82 or 126 proton or neutron are generally more stable than nuclei and these which do not containthese number these number are called magic number
- Nuclei with even number of both proton and neutron are generally more stable than those with odd number of these particles
- Nucleus containing neutron to proton ratio less than 1 is less stable than nucleus with n/p ratio equal to or more than 1
@ Nuclear Reaction :-
the energy changes associated with nuclear reaction are about million times more than those associated with chemical reaction, and einstein mass enrgy equation E=mc2
@ Mass Effect :-
Invariably been found that the actual mass of an isotope of an element is less than the sum of masses of the proton , neutron and electron present in it
@ Binding Energy :-
loss of mass during the formation of the nucleus from nucleons is converted into energy. the release of energy imparts stability to the nucleus
@ Nuclear Fission :-
Process of splitting of a heavy nucleus into two approximately equal part with simultaneous liberation of huge amount of energy
@ Nucleur Fusion :-
IT is the process or combimation of light weight nuclei to form heavier nuclei, with the simultaneous release of energy
@ Nuclear reactor :-
it is a device for carrying out fission reaction at diluted and controlled rate, so that liberated energy can be utilized for peaceful , there are some components for these as follow
i) Reactor Core :-
this are those part of power plant, where fission reaction is made to occur and where heat energy is liberated, in which uranium used as fuel
ii) Moderator :-
these are used to manage the or reduce kinetic energy of fast fission neutron to slow neutron
iii) Coolants :-
they used to remove extra heat produced in the reactor and to bring it out for utiliization
iv ) Controlled Rods :-
these rods are used to reduce or absorb excess amount of neutron which cause more fission in reactor which result in high heat in reactor
@ Radioisotopes :-
these are those radioactive isotopes prepared from their non-radioactive counterparts by subjecting them to neutron bombartments etc, these are used for various purposes are
- In Photosynthesis of plant
- In mEdicine
_In agriculture
- In Industry for various purposes
@ Radio Dating :-
Uranuium like substance have association with some non radioactive lead, from which mass ratio of non biodegradable lead uranium estimation of age rock possible
@ Radioactivity :-
The phenomenon of spontaneios and continues emission of powerful invisible radiation by the disintegrationan element or a substance, which affect the photographic plate
@ Radioactive Decay :-
Disintegration of the nuleus of an atom spontaneously with the loss of either alpha-particle or both results in formation of a new element
# Types of Radioactive decay :-
i) Alpha-Decay :-
cause decrease of atomic number by 2 unit and mass number by 4 unit
ii) Beta-Decay :-
cause increase of atomic number by 1 unit and no change in mass number
iii) gamma decay :-
Emission of gamma ray cause no change in atomic number and mass number , since it represent the energy lost
iv) Positron decay :-
Positron is a particle having the same mass number as an electron , but positiv charged , emission of a positron decrease the atomic number by 1 unit
v) Elecron capture :-
capture of an electron decrease the atomic number by 1 unit
@ Nuclear Stability :-
tthere are some following rules to measure nuclear stability are
- All nuclei with 84 or more proton are unstable
- Nuclei that contain 2,8,20,50,82 or 126 proton or neutron are generally more stable than nuclei and these which do not containthese number these number are called magic number
- Nuclei with even number of both proton and neutron are generally more stable than those with odd number of these particles
- Nucleus containing neutron to proton ratio less than 1 is less stable than nucleus with n/p ratio equal to or more than 1
@ Nuclear Reaction :-
the energy changes associated with nuclear reaction are about million times more than those associated with chemical reaction, and einstein mass enrgy equation E=mc2
@ Mass Effect :-
Invariably been found that the actual mass of an isotope of an element is less than the sum of masses of the proton , neutron and electron present in it
@ Binding Energy :-
loss of mass during the formation of the nucleus from nucleons is converted into energy. the release of energy imparts stability to the nucleus
@ Nuclear Fission :-
Process of splitting of a heavy nucleus into two approximately equal part with simultaneous liberation of huge amount of energy
@ Nucleur Fusion :-
IT is the process or combimation of light weight nuclei to form heavier nuclei, with the simultaneous release of energy
@ Nuclear reactor :-
it is a device for carrying out fission reaction at diluted and controlled rate, so that liberated energy can be utilized for peaceful , there are some components for these as follow
i) Reactor Core :-
this are those part of power plant, where fission reaction is made to occur and where heat energy is liberated, in which uranium used as fuel
ii) Moderator :-
these are used to manage the or reduce kinetic energy of fast fission neutron to slow neutron
iii) Coolants :-
they used to remove extra heat produced in the reactor and to bring it out for utiliization
iv ) Controlled Rods :-
these rods are used to reduce or absorb excess amount of neutron which cause more fission in reactor which result in high heat in reactor
@ Radioisotopes :-
these are those radioactive isotopes prepared from their non-radioactive counterparts by subjecting them to neutron bombartments etc, these are used for various purposes are
- In Photosynthesis of plant
- In mEdicine
_In agriculture
- In Industry for various purposes
@ Radio Dating :-
Uranuium like substance have association with some non radioactive lead, from which mass ratio of non biodegradable lead uranium estimation of age rock possible
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