METAL AND ALLOY
1. Metal :-
these are those material which have unpaired electron for the conduction of electron or charge, they have some physical properties by which cam be they widely used in industries and various purposes are
i) Ductility :-
peoperties which allow metal to drawn into sheet
ii) Mallleability :-
properties by which a metal can drawn into sheet
iii) Toughness ;-
as all known all metal are tough in nature due to their strong bonding between them
iv) Lusture :-
maximum all metal show somekind of shine or lustre when their surface is polished
v) Stiffness :-
property by which material capable to remain same om extremelly applied force upto a limit
vi) Fluidity :-
propertyy by which a metal on molted state can easy to flow on moiuld and their size
Vii) Resistrivity :-
wheather relative to shocks, wear and tear or repeated stress metal overcome all
viii) Weldability :-
ability of material by which a metal can weld on ther surafce or material by action of heat
ix) Thermal conductivity :-
mean conduction of heat from one part to another part of metal
x) Electrical conductivity :-
this is ability of metal to conduct electricity
xi) magnetic property ;-
every metal show some magnetic property
@ Metallurgy :-
process of extracting of metal from its ore
@ Extracting method :-
i) Hydaulic washing :-
in this metal with impurities spread on a belt and then powerful stream jet spray by this action light particle goers of and hard metal part remain on
ii) Froth floatation process :-
this are work on fact that sulphide ore particles are moistened by oil, and and gangue particles are moistened by water. this mainly used for sulphide ore . powered ore with water and little pine oil mixture in tank and stirred happened
iii) Electromagnetic separation :-
by this method as we known all metal some magnetic properties so these character used in this procerss , in this metal with ore spread on belt whoch roll over two roller one is magnetic and anothher is simple , magnetic roler allow metal to adhere will this time extra ore are separated
iv) Chemical sepration :-
in this various chemical method are used to seoaratye metal from ore
@ Roasting ;-
strongly heated metal ore in excess of air or oxygen at which ore cannot b melt
@ Roasting :-
strongly heated of ore in absence of air at which opre does not melt
@ Smelting :-
process of roasting or calcined ore along witha reducing agent, this reducing agent convert ore into molten state,
@ Electroytic reduction :-
process which active metal are extracted by the electrolysis of their fused anhydrous salts
V) Zone refinning method :-
in this method strong heating is used this follow idea that material have relatively less melting point then impurities
@ Iron :-
most common used metal sice old time, it is cheap, liable and easy to use metal for any use , due to its many form it used in various purposes on different different location, some form form of this are as follow ;-
1. Cast iron :-
this is obtain from pig iron by melting it in cupola furnance , it can be used in dies, moulds, machine frames,bodies etc
2.wrought iron :-
it is metallic iron with about 0.12 to 0.15% OF Carbon content , it strong enough then old one , it is malleable, ductile,harder,greater tensile strength properties , it is used in water pipe,sheets, metal frames,chains etc
3. Steel :-
it vis type of alloy of carbon ,in which carbon concentration is about 0.15 to 1.5% Along with sulphur , silicon, phosphorous and Mn, most important inthis which make them better than other is that corrosion free character ,because no voids present in this which initiate corroision, these steel are also light than their nable family element metal , this steel are of many type as On The Basis Of Carcon Content
- mild Steel = 0.15 to 0.30%
- Medium carbon steel = 0.30 to 0.80 %
- High carbon steel = 0.80 to 1.5 %
* carbon in steel gives it more strength,less ductility, more resistance to corrosion, more hardness and etc
@ Heat treatment of steel ;-
defined as process of heating and cooling of steel article unde carefully controlled condition, thereby developing in it certain physical properties without altering its chemical composition, there are some characteristic in heat treatment are c
i) annealing :-
heating of metal to acertain limit which followed very slow cooling
ii) Hradening ;-
heating steel beyond criticasl temperature and then sudden cooling
iii) Tempering :-
heating already harderned steel to a temp then its own hardening temp.
Iv) Normalising :-
heating steel to a definite temperature allow to cool gradually
V) Flame hardening :-
it is type of localised hardening to a particular point
Vi) Nitriding :-
thru this super hard surface are obtain by heating alooy in presesce of ammonium
@ Nickel :-
Another most important metal used widely in industry and various purposes , it can be extracted by garniete ,smaltite ore , it can extracting by roasting, bessenmerization, mond process like processes
# Uses ;-
- use as catalyst
- In making monel metal,platinoid and nichrome wtc
@ Chromium :-
24th element in periodic table , also act as metasl extracting from chromoite, chrome ochre etc type of ore , it can be obtained by roasting, reduction of dichromate, like method
@ Tungsten :-
widely used metal in bulb filament , resposible for proper working of bulb , this can be prepared by ferro tunsten extraction etc ,it also used in preparing special steel,pen points,as an anticathodes in X-ray etc
@ Uranium ;-
these are radioactive metal used in nuclear reactor to produce haet energy which further change into electrical energy these are obtain from carnoite,anlunite, ore, these are very carefully extracted by acid-digestion process, alkali digestion process, ignition and reduction type method
@ Alloy :-
are the substances which are obtained by molten mixture of two or more elements, they have some better characteristic then their noble metal are as follow :-
- light weight :-
alloy are lighter than their parent metal
- Corossion free :-
alloy arecrrrode free
- Cheap ;-
sometime time alloy are obtained cheaper rate than their parent metal
- More Strength :-
alloy have more strength then their parent metal
_ Replaceable :-
alloy can replace any type of metal where they used
- Low melting point ;-
alloy have also low melting point then their parent metal
- Better castability :-
alloy have better castability then their parent metal
# preparation of alloy :-
i) By Fusion method :-
in these two metal are fused together to form an alloy , fusion take place lighter metal first followed heavier metal to prevent heavier metal settling down
II) Electrolytic method :-
one by one electrolysis of metal to get an desired alloy , their composition can be predetermined obtained for this this type of alloy
III) Reduction method :-
In this desired alloy obtained to get by reduction method which involves reduction process
@ Powder Metallurgy :-
it is kind if science of manufacturing of useful metallic and alloy articles by compacting the powder and other power in a die
@ Alloy steel :-
alloy mixture of nickel, chromium, cobalt ,magnese , carbon, iron etc , Nickel in these used as for ductility, chromium for tensile strength, mangenese for high degree of hardness and tungsten for high resistance
# Application :-
- In Construction site
- In tool making
- In Corrosion resistant thing
- In shock resistance thing
1. Metal :-
these are those material which have unpaired electron for the conduction of electron or charge, they have some physical properties by which cam be they widely used in industries and various purposes are
i) Ductility :-
peoperties which allow metal to drawn into sheet
ii) Mallleability :-
properties by which a metal can drawn into sheet
iii) Toughness ;-
as all known all metal are tough in nature due to their strong bonding between them
iv) Lusture :-
maximum all metal show somekind of shine or lustre when their surface is polished
v) Stiffness :-
property by which material capable to remain same om extremelly applied force upto a limit
vi) Fluidity :-
propertyy by which a metal on molted state can easy to flow on moiuld and their size
Vii) Resistrivity :-
wheather relative to shocks, wear and tear or repeated stress metal overcome all
viii) Weldability :-
ability of material by which a metal can weld on ther surafce or material by action of heat
ix) Thermal conductivity :-
mean conduction of heat from one part to another part of metal
x) Electrical conductivity :-
this is ability of metal to conduct electricity
xi) magnetic property ;-
every metal show some magnetic property
@ Metallurgy :-
process of extracting of metal from its ore
@ Extracting method :-
i) Hydaulic washing :-
in this metal with impurities spread on a belt and then powerful stream jet spray by this action light particle goers of and hard metal part remain on
ii) Froth floatation process :-
this are work on fact that sulphide ore particles are moistened by oil, and and gangue particles are moistened by water. this mainly used for sulphide ore . powered ore with water and little pine oil mixture in tank and stirred happened
iii) Electromagnetic separation :-
by this method as we known all metal some magnetic properties so these character used in this procerss , in this metal with ore spread on belt whoch roll over two roller one is magnetic and anothher is simple , magnetic roler allow metal to adhere will this time extra ore are separated
iv) Chemical sepration :-
in this various chemical method are used to seoaratye metal from ore
@ Roasting ;-
strongly heated metal ore in excess of air or oxygen at which ore cannot b melt
@ Roasting :-
strongly heated of ore in absence of air at which opre does not melt
@ Smelting :-
process of roasting or calcined ore along witha reducing agent, this reducing agent convert ore into molten state,
@ Electroytic reduction :-
process which active metal are extracted by the electrolysis of their fused anhydrous salts
V) Zone refinning method :-
in this method strong heating is used this follow idea that material have relatively less melting point then impurities
@ Iron :-
most common used metal sice old time, it is cheap, liable and easy to use metal for any use , due to its many form it used in various purposes on different different location, some form form of this are as follow ;-
1. Cast iron :-
this is obtain from pig iron by melting it in cupola furnance , it can be used in dies, moulds, machine frames,bodies etc
2.wrought iron :-
it is metallic iron with about 0.12 to 0.15% OF Carbon content , it strong enough then old one , it is malleable, ductile,harder,greater tensile strength properties , it is used in water pipe,sheets, metal frames,chains etc
3. Steel :-
it vis type of alloy of carbon ,in which carbon concentration is about 0.15 to 1.5% Along with sulphur , silicon, phosphorous and Mn, most important inthis which make them better than other is that corrosion free character ,because no voids present in this which initiate corroision, these steel are also light than their nable family element metal , this steel are of many type as On The Basis Of Carcon Content
- mild Steel = 0.15 to 0.30%
- Medium carbon steel = 0.30 to 0.80 %
- High carbon steel = 0.80 to 1.5 %
* carbon in steel gives it more strength,less ductility, more resistance to corrosion, more hardness and etc
@ Heat treatment of steel ;-
defined as process of heating and cooling of steel article unde carefully controlled condition, thereby developing in it certain physical properties without altering its chemical composition, there are some characteristic in heat treatment are c
i) annealing :-
heating of metal to acertain limit which followed very slow cooling
ii) Hradening ;-
heating steel beyond criticasl temperature and then sudden cooling
iii) Tempering :-
heating already harderned steel to a temp then its own hardening temp.
Iv) Normalising :-
heating steel to a definite temperature allow to cool gradually
V) Flame hardening :-
it is type of localised hardening to a particular point
Vi) Nitriding :-
thru this super hard surface are obtain by heating alooy in presesce of ammonium
@ Nickel :-
Another most important metal used widely in industry and various purposes , it can be extracted by garniete ,smaltite ore , it can extracting by roasting, bessenmerization, mond process like processes
# Uses ;-
- use as catalyst
- In making monel metal,platinoid and nichrome wtc
@ Chromium :-
24th element in periodic table , also act as metasl extracting from chromoite, chrome ochre etc type of ore , it can be obtained by roasting, reduction of dichromate, like method
@ Tungsten :-
widely used metal in bulb filament , resposible for proper working of bulb , this can be prepared by ferro tunsten extraction etc ,it also used in preparing special steel,pen points,as an anticathodes in X-ray etc
@ Uranium ;-
these are radioactive metal used in nuclear reactor to produce haet energy which further change into electrical energy these are obtain from carnoite,anlunite, ore, these are very carefully extracted by acid-digestion process, alkali digestion process, ignition and reduction type method
@ Alloy :-
are the substances which are obtained by molten mixture of two or more elements, they have some better characteristic then their noble metal are as follow :-
- light weight :-
alloy are lighter than their parent metal
- Corossion free :-
alloy arecrrrode free
- Cheap ;-
sometime time alloy are obtained cheaper rate than their parent metal
- More Strength :-
alloy have more strength then their parent metal
_ Replaceable :-
alloy can replace any type of metal where they used
- Low melting point ;-
alloy have also low melting point then their parent metal
- Better castability :-
alloy have better castability then their parent metal
# preparation of alloy :-
i) By Fusion method :-
in these two metal are fused together to form an alloy , fusion take place lighter metal first followed heavier metal to prevent heavier metal settling down
II) Electrolytic method :-
one by one electrolysis of metal to get an desired alloy , their composition can be predetermined obtained for this this type of alloy
III) Reduction method :-
In this desired alloy obtained to get by reduction method which involves reduction process
@ Powder Metallurgy :-
it is kind if science of manufacturing of useful metallic and alloy articles by compacting the powder and other power in a die
@ Alloy steel :-
alloy mixture of nickel, chromium, cobalt ,magnese , carbon, iron etc , Nickel in these used as for ductility, chromium for tensile strength, mangenese for high degree of hardness and tungsten for high resistance
# Application :-
- In Construction site
- In tool making
- In Corrosion resistant thing
- In shock resistance thing
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