BREATHING AND RESPIRATION

BREATHING AND RESPIRATION
@ Breathing :-
         It refers to movement of fresh water and air into lung (inspiration ) and removal out foul air from lungs (expiration )
@ Respiration :-
                 Process of inhaling of oxygen for oxidation of food and exhaling of CO2 take place
# Types :-
     A)    On basis of O2
1) Aerobic respiration :-
               Occur in presence in O2
2) Anaerobic respiration :-
                  Respiration occur in absence of O2
    B) On basis of diffusion thru body surface
1) Direct respiration :-
            Exchange of gasses from surrounding or water thru body surface
2) Indirect respiration :-
                It involve presence of complex respiratory system, like lungs in human
# Respiratory system:-
- Nasal cavity :-
             First part of respiratory system, open exterior thru nostrils, it include
* vestibuler region
* nasal chamber
* olfactory lobe
- Pharynx :-
             It is common passage of food and air, open into wind pipe
- Trachea :-
              Wind pipe, 12 cm long
- Branchi :-
            It divides into branchioles bear alveoli (air sac)
- Lungs :-
          Present at thoracic cavity,  two in number, left one is smaller then right due to presence of heart
# Respiratory part:-
              Part involve diffusion of gasses i.e. alveoli
# Conducting part :-
                 Part which don't allow of gasses exchange but serve as a passage for it
# Mechanism of breathing :-
             Involve some steps are
- it involve process by which oxygen inhaled and CO2 exhaled
- diffusion of gasses across alveolar membrane
- transport of gasses by blood
- diffusion of gasses between blood and tissue
- Utilization of O2 in variation catabolic reaction
# Respiration function:-
- it provide O2 for aerobic metabolism to release energy
- large amount of heat lost by exposed air
- it help in excrete CO2 and other gasses
# Respiratory Volume :-
            Quality of air which lung can receive, hold and expel
1. Tidal volume (TV):-
           Volume of air which normally inspired or expired in one breath ,About 500 ml for an adult
2. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) :-
      Extra amount of air which can inhaled forcibly ,About 2000-2500ml
3. Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV) :-
        Extra amount air which can be exhaled forcibly after a normal expiration, about 1000-1500 ml
4. Vital capacity of lung (VC):-
           Amount of air which inhale with maximum effort about 3.5-4.5 l
5. Residual volume (RV):-
            Total remain air after forcible expiration about 1500 ml
6. Inspiratory capacity (IC) :-
         Total volume of air which inhaled after normal expiration it is = Tidal volume - Inspiratory Reserve volume (IC= TV-IRV)
7. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):-
         It is sum of residual volume+ the expiratory Reserve volume (FRC= RV+ ERV)
# Regulation of breathing :-
* By nervous system :-
           - Inspiratory center = Dorsal respiratory group
- Expiratory centre = ventral respiratory group
* By chemical control :-
- Transport of CO2 by bicarbonate
- Transport as Carbamine in form of carbinohaemoglobin
@ Double circulation:-
             In human, circulation of blood regarded double circulation because of
- Deoxygenated blood = heart to lungs
- Oxygenated blood = Lungs to heart
* Heart to tissue= pure blood
* Tissue to heart= impure blood
# Transport of oxygen :-
              Carried out by 97% of RBC and rest by plasma as dissolved gas
@ Disorder Of Respiration :-
1. Hypoxia :-
         Condition of oxygen shortage in the tissue
2. Asphyxia :-
          In this O2 content of blood falls whilst the CO2 content rises and sometime breathing May stop cause death
3. Asthma :-
        Allergic attack of breathlessness associated with bronchial obstruction or spasm
4. Pneumonia :-
         Acute infection due to inflammation of the alveoli of lung
5. Emphysema :-
          Respiratory disorder due to inflammation of bronchiole resulting in loss in their elasticity