BODY FLUID & CIRCULATION
Multicellular animal various type of tissue found in body & these tissue require nutrient & oxygen for getting energy & eliminate harmful substances & CO2 ,so the circulation of body fluid is essential for transport of these material. In human being blood help in circulation of nutrient, O2 , Harmone CO2 & Harmful substances, so in Human being there are 3 important structure help in circulation
1) Blood 2) Heart 3) Blood vessel
Blood :-
Study of blood =Haematology
Compound = Blood plasma, Blood Corpuscles, R.B.C , W.B.C ,Lymphocytes, Blood platelets,
# Blood Plasma :-
Fluid like structure make 55% part of blood. In blood plasma 90-92% water, 6-8% protein present, this plasma protein called plasma protein, plasma protein fibrinogen, albumin, globulin & prothrombrin
Fibrinogen help in blood clotting + Albumin provide immunity + Globulin maintain osmotic balance, Prothrombin is inactive & help in blood clotting after activation some electrolyte Na+, Cl-, K+, HCO3- in blood plasma some organic compound like as glucose, amino acid present
Serum:-
When plasma protein removed from blood plasma make serum, serum do not have the mechanism of blood clotting so used in various blood test
# Blood elements/ Blood corpuscles :-
Are solid & float over the surface of blood plasma, they make 45% part of blood, it consists of 3 parts
-R.B.C:-
Also called erythrocyte red in colour, biconcave in shape, no. Of R.B.C about 5,5 million /mm(cube) ,12-16 gm haemoglobin present in per ml of blood
If number of R.B.C increases it cause polycythemia
If number of R.B.C decreases it cause Anaemia
Formation of R.B.C take place in red bone narrow . Process called erythrophoisis
- W.B.C :-(leucocytes)
They are colourless
Oval in shape & nucleotide
Number about 6,000-8,000 /mm(cube)
If number of W.B.C increases cause leucamia or white blood cancer
If number of W.B.C decreases cause leucophia, they are of two type
A)Granulococytes :-
Granules present in cytoplasm
1) Neutrophills :-
They are not stained by acidic dye or basic dye, they make 60-65% part, they engulf foreign particle & lead phagocytes
2) Eurinophills :-
They are in diet by acidic dye make 2-3% part of W.B.C ,they secret haparin, histamine, serotonin etc
3) Basophils :-
Stained by basic dye, they make 0.5-1% part of W.B.C , they involve in allergic reaction
B) Agranulocytes :-
Granules absent in cytoplasm
1) Monocytes:-
It make 3-7% part of W.B.C they involve in phagocytosis
2) Lymphocytes :-
They make 20-25% part of W.B.C ,they provide immunity to the body, this immunity carried by B & T lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes :-
Originate in bone marrow & mature also in bone marrow, help in antibody mediated immune system
T-lymphocyte :-
Born in bone marrow & mature in thymus gland, help in cell mediated immume system
3) Blood Platelets :-
Also called Thrombrocytes.they are nucleated & involve in blood clotting, they are about 15,00,000-30,00,000 /mm(cube) Blood platelets produce thrombroplastin protein which involve in blood clotting by formation of enzyme thromobocynase
Blood group :-
Being 4 type of blood group present
1) A
2) B
3) AB
4) O
Blood present in same Gene locus of homologous chromosome
Antigen:-
Protein which present in the surface on R.B.C
Antibody :-
Protein present in blood plasma & protect the blood
Rh factor :-
Discovered by Karl Landsteiner in Rhesus Monkey, he found that the protein present in blood & transfer by help of chromosome number 1, if Rhagon protein present blood group said to be positive, whereas Rhagon protein absent it said to be negative,
In world 85% people having Rh+ ,whereas 15% have Rh -ve,
In India 97% have +ve whereas 3% have -ve
Biologically marriage prohibited b/w Rh +ve male Rh -vertical female, condition called serious disease in child erythroblastosis foetalis or haemolytic disease of new borne body.
Circulatory system :-
1) Open type:-
Heart pump blood & Blood carried out by blood vessel & these blood vessel open into a cavity i.e. sinuses & again come into the heart from sinuses
2) Closed type :-
When blood pump blood & Blood circulates inside Blood vessel in complete body, in human closed circulatory present
Chamber of heart Vs Animal tyle
2 Chambered = Fishes
3 Chambered = Amphibian
4 Chambered = Reptile
# Pericordium
/ \
Parietal Pericordial
(outer) (inner)
Systol = Contraction
Diastole = Relaxation
@ There are two type of circulation
1) Single circulation :-
Found in fishes, fish Venus heart has 2 chamber one auricle and one ventricle receive blood where as, ventricle, pump the blood ventricle pump deoxygenated blood to gill, Blood purify then distributed into various part of body & then body send blood to auricle
2) Double Circulation :-
Blood posses two types during 1 heart beat, found in mammals including human being
Human heart :-
Pumping organ, receive blood as well as pump the blood to complete body, human heart has Broad base and narrow apex, Human heart situated b/w two lungs in cavity slightly tilted to left side, human heart covered by protective layer called pericardium, pericardium made up of double layer & anotheris inner visceral layer cavity present filled by pericardial fluid & protect the heart, human heart have 4 chamber upper chamber called artria and lower chamber called ventricle wall of artria is thin as compare to ventricle
- Right & left artria, both are separated by inter-auricle septum
Note:- In featus there is opening found in interouride septum called foremen ovale at adult stage. A depression found in inter auricular septum called foso ovalis
Process :-
Right atrium receive deoxygenated blood from body thru Vena cava (largest vein of body ) where left atrium receive oxygenated blood from lungs by pulmonary vein, ventricle are 2 in number in which one is right ventricle & another left ventricle, wall of left is thicker than wall of right. Ventricle valve have 3 called Tricuspid valve and end some thread like structure present called chordae & blood posses, thru then b/w left artrium & left ventricle Bicuspid valve or mitral valve present
Right ventricle receive blood from right atrium thru tricuspid valve & pump blood to lungs by pulmonary artery pump the blood to complete body thru aorta
- At beginning of pulmonary artery & aorta semiluner valve that prevent back flow of blood into heart
- Human being has myogenic heart because heart beat initiate by muscle heart made up of specilized muscle, there is S-A node
Note:-
At upper part of muscle of right atrium connected with atrio-ventricle node (Situated at junction of atrium & ventricle) lead to bundle of his or purkinge fibre
- S-A node initiate heart beat then purkinge fibre lead to contraction of muscle of heart
Cardiac cycle :-
Sequencial stage of contraction & relaxation of heart beat muscle during one heart beat called cardiac cycle
- Total time taken for each cardiac cycle is 60/72= 0.83 second
Heart beat of adult human being = 72/minute
@Stock volume:-
Amount of blood ejaculated by heart during one heart beat =70 beat/minute or 4940 ml/minute
@ Heart sound :-
Can hear by device stethoscope 2 sound Lubb (due to contraction of AV wall) & Dup (closer of semilunar wall)
@ Pulse :-
Expansion of rapid artery of wrist called pulse eg:- 72/minute
@ Blood pressure :- sphignomonometer used in left hand
Normal pressure = 120/80 (Systole /Diastole)
High pressure:-
Above 140/ above 90
Low pressure :-
Below 110/ below 70
@ ECG (Electro cardio gram):-
Is a grafh used to obtain electrically activities of heart due to cardiac cycle
- For taking this each electric yield connect to patient in which one attach to wrist, second on ankle & third on chest under normal condition three type wave found
# P-Wave:-
Obtain due to both contraction of both artria or depolarization of artria
# Q,R,S-Wave:-
Contraction of ventricle or depolarization of ventricle
# E-Wave:-
Happen due to relaxation of artria & ventricle or repolarization of artria and ventricle
- Heart made up of cardiac muscle cardiac muscle don't get fatigue ever, where as they continues work 24 hour
Double Circulation :-
Discovered by William Harver (father of human & animal physiology), in human being all deoxygenated blood come from body part & reach to right atrium thru Vena cava,then contraction of right atrium take place, tricuspid valve open & blood passes to right ventricle, then tricuspid valve closed right ventricle contract pump the deoxygenated blood to lungs for purification through pulmonary artery then oxygenated blood into left atrium through pulmonary vein & then passes to left ventricle through mitral valve then closer of biscuspid valve occur .ventricle contract and send the blood aorta & Then distributed In complete body
These circulation b/w heat and lung is said to be pulmonary circulation and circulation of blood b/w heart and other body parts is called systmatic circulation. Hapatic portal system also found in human being in which blood passes from digestive tract to liver by hepatic portal vein. Coronary artery supply the blood to heart muscle and this type of circulation called coronary circulation
# Cardiac output :-
About 5 litre /minute
10% Heart
15% Brain
30% Digestive tract
20% Kidney
25% Other
# Blood vessel :-
Closed vessel which conduct the blood from heart to other parts of body or other parts of body to heart
-Arteries
- Vein
- Blood capillaries :-
Blood vessel which found in visceral organ, they lined by endothelium which is perneable for gases exchange and nutrient
Regulation of activity of heart :-
Activity of heart controlled by autonomic nervous system (ANS) ,it is a self regulation system which consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
- sympathetic nervous secret noadrenaline which increases heart beat rate
- Parasympathetic release acetyl choline which decreases heart beat rate
Disorder :-
I) Heart murmur :-
Due to disturbances in heart beat sound or disturbance of function of valve
2) Hypertension and Hypotension :-
Hypertension means high B.P (blood pressure ) ,very high blood pressure cause rupturing of artery, condition called arteriosocolerosis
Hypotension :- mean Low B.P
3) Coronary artery disorder :-
Also called atherosclerosis. It occur due to deposition of fat, valve of artery luman narrow increase B.P
4) Angina pectoris :-
Chest pain, occur due to inflammation of coronary artery or improper function of coronary artery
5) Heart attack :-
Due to blockage of tri or bicuspid valve
6) Heart failure :-
When functioning of semilunar valves disturbed and backwards flow of blood take place
7) Myocardial infection :-
Disturbance the activity of coronary artery
No comments:
Post a Comment